and keep them constantly engaged; 役, literally, “make servants of them.” Tu Yu says 令不得安佚 “prevent them from having any rest.” hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point. Mêng Shih’s note contains an excellent example of the idiomatic use of 變: 令忘變而速至 “cause them to forget _pien_ (the reasons for acting otherwise than on their first impulse), and hasten in our direction.” 11. 故用兵之法無恃其不來恃吾有以待也無恃其不攻恃吾有所不可攻也 The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; The _T‘ung Tien_ and _Yü Lan_ read 有能以待之也, but the conciser form is more likely to be right. not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable. The _T‘ung Tien_ and _Yü Lan_ insert 吾也 after the first 攻, and omit 有所. 12. 故將有五危必死可殺也必生可虜也忿速可侮也廉潔可辱也愛民可煩也 There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction; 勇而無慮 “Bravery without forethought,” as Ts‘ao Kung analyses it, which causes a man to fight blindly and desperately like a mad bull. Such an opponent, says Chang Yü, “must not be encountered with brute force, but may be lured into an ambush and slain.” Cf. Wu Tzŭ, chap. IV _ad init._: 凡人論將常觀於勇勇之於將乃數分之一耳夫勇者 必輕合輕合而不知利未可也 “In estimating the character of a general, men are wont to pay exclusive attention to his courage, forgetting that courage is only one out of many qualities which a general should possess. The merely brave man is prone to fight recklessly; and he who fights recklessly, without any perception of what is expedient, must be condemned.” The _Ssŭ-ma Fa_, too, makes the incisive remark 上死不勝 “Simply going to one’s death does not bring about victory.” (2) cowardice, which leads to capture;