Thus, it is related of Wenceslas, Duke of Bohemia, in the early part of the tenth century, that he destroyed the gibbets and fearful instruments of torture wherewith the cruelty of his judges had been exercised, and that he never allowed them to be restored.[1510] An individual case of torture which occurred in 1017 has chanced to be preserved to us by its ending in a miracle, and being the occasion of the canonization of a saint. A pious pilgrim, reputed to belong to the royal blood of Scotland, while wandering on the marches between the Bavarians and the Moravians, was seized by the inhabitants on suspicion of being a spy, and, to extort a confession, was exposed to a succession of torments which ended in hanging him on a withered tree until he died. The falsity of the accusation and the sanctity of the victim were manifested by the uninterrupted growth of his hair and nails and the constant flowing of blood from a wound, while the dead tree suddenly put forth leaves and flowers. Margrave Henry of Bavaria had him reverently buried, and he was duly enrolled in the catalogue of saints.[1511] A letter of Gerard, Bishop of Cambrai, in 1025, relating how certain suspected heretics could not be forced by torment to confession, shows that ecclesiastics already were prepared, in spite of the received dogmas of the Church, to have recourse to such means when no others could be found to protect the purity of the faith.[1512] In the celebrated case, also, of the robbery of the church of Laon, about the year 1100, the suspected thief, after conviction by the cold water ordeal, was tortured by command of the bishop in order to make him surrender the sacred vessels which he had concealed. Basting with hot lard was tried unsuccessfully; he was then hanged by the neck and let down at intervals for nearly a whole day, and when life was almost extinct his resolution gave way and he agreed to discover the place where the valuables were hidden.[1513] When Charles the Good of Flanders was murdered in 1127, one of the assassins fled to Terouane, where he was discovered and forced by scourging to disclose the names of his accomplices.[1514] About 1130 at Petersberg, in Saxony, we are told of a shepherd tortured by his lord to extract money, and saved from suffering by an earnest prayer to St. Peter.[1515] When Richard I. of England was endeavoring to return through Germany from the crusade, it was by the torture of his page that the identity of the royal traveller was discovered, and he was delivered to his enemy the Duke of Austria.[1516]