The value of nitrate of silver and red wash as stimulants of the healing process has already been mentioned. They are also of value in producing cicatrization and in promoting the covering of new epithelium over the ulcer or wound. If the solid stick of nitrate of silver be applied very lightly to the edges just inside the pale bluish line of advancing epithelium, so as to produce a white film on the surface, this slight cauterization will be found to aid in strengthening and cornifying the new, delicate and previously invisible epithelial cells and in preventing them from being washed away by the discharge from the ulcer. The solid stick of nitrate of silver is also of benefit in destroying the exuberant granulations which project above the surface of the surrounding skin; often, by piercing these flabby granulations in several places with the solid stick held perpendicular to the surface, cicatrization is hastened. After the granulations are level with the surrounding skin the covering of the ulcer or wound with new epithelium is hastened by the application of some smooth surface along which the epithelium can spread. For this purpose zinc oxide plaster or some thin rubber may be used. In some old chronic cases, healing is prevented by the fact that the base of the ulcer cannot contract owing to its being bound down by fibrous scar tissue. This binding down of the base and edges of the ulcer also tends to cut off the blood supply, and therefore in this additional manner healing is hindered. For the relief of this condition a number of procedures have been devised. Mattress sutures, introduced through the normal skin beyond the edges of the ulcer and passing beneath it, out through the skin on the other side, is one method. By tightening these sutures, over a button or metal plate, the ulcer can be lifted from the underlying tissues. Another method, called “starring of the ulcer,” consists in a series of radiating incisions through the base and edges of the ulcer, the part from which the incisions radiate corresponding with its centre. In this and in the following operations, in order to obtain a favorable result, it is necessary that the incisions pass completely through the cicatrical tissue which forms the base and edges of the ulcer into normal tissue. “Cross-hatching” of the base of the ulcer by means of a series of incisions at right angles to one another, and at a distance of about one-half inch apart, is often of value in aiding the healing of a chronic ulcer, the continued existence of which and failure to heal having been due to its thickened, adherent base and edges. Circumcision of a chronic ulcer consists in making a circular incision around it through the normal skin. A modification of this method consists in making a series of overlapping, short, curved incisions surrounding the ulcer, instead of a single circular incision. In these last two methods it is necessary that the incisions be made through