C. Rectus abdominis muscle. D. Peritonaeum. E. Conjoined tendon. F. Epigastric artery. G* G. Positions of the obturator artery when given off from the epigastric. H. Neck of the sac of the crural hernia. I. Round ligament of the uterus. K. External iliac vein. L. External iliac artery. M. Tendon of the psoas parvus muscle, resting on the psoas magnus. N. Iliacus muscle. O. Transversalis fascia. [Illustration: Abdomen, showing bone, blood vessels and other internal organs.] PLATE 43.--FIGURE 2. PLATE 44. FIGURE 1. A. Anterior superior iliac spine. B. The crural hernia. C. Round ligament of the uterus. D. External oblique muscle; d, Fig. 2, its aponeurosis. E. Saphaena vein. F. Falciform process of the saphenous opening. G. Femoral artery in its sheath. H. Femoral vein in its sheath. I. Sartorius muscle. K. Internal oblique muscle; k, conjoined tendon. L L. Transversalis fascia. M. Epigastric artery. N. Peritonaeum. O. Anterior crural nerve. P. The hernia within the crural canal. Q Q. Femoral sheath. R. Gimbernat's ligament. FIGURE 2. The other letters refer to the same parts as seen in Fig. 1. G. Glands in the neighbourhood of Poupart's ligament. H. Glands in the neighbourhood of the saphenous opening. I. The sartorius muscle seen through its fascia. [Illustration: Abdomen, showing bone, blood vessels and other internal organs.] PLATE 44.--FIGURE 1, 2. COMMENTARY ON PLATES 45 & 46. DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF FEMORAL HERNIA-- ITS DIAGNOSIS, THE TAXIS, AND THE OPERATION. PLATE 45, Fig. 1.--The point, 3, from which an external inguinal hernia first progresses, and the part, 5, within which the femoral hernia begins to be formed, are very close to each other. The inguinal hernia, 3, arising above, 5, the crural arch, descends the canal, 3, 3, under cover of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, obliquely downwards and inwards till it gains the external abdominal ring formed in the aponeurosis, and thence descends to the scrotum. The femoral hernia, commencing on a level with, 5, the femoral arch, descends the femoral canal, under cover of the fascia lata, and appears on the upper and forepart of the thigh at the saphenous opening, 6, 7, formed in the fascia lata; and thence, instead of descending to the scrotum, like the inguinal hernia, turns, on the contrary, up over the falciform process, 6, till its fundus rests near, 5, the very place beneath which it originated. Such are the peculiarities in the courses of these two hernial; and they are readily accounted for by the anatomical relations of the parts concerned. [Illustration: Abdomen, showing bone, blood vessels and other internal organs.] PLATE 45.--FIGURE 1