In a note on a passage in Hippocrates describing the lever for replacing the protruding end of a fractured bone, Galen mentions an instrument for levering teeth. He says the instruments for levering the bone are of the same size as the instrument for levering teeth (xviii. 593). As we know from Paul (VI. cvi) that these bone levers were seven or eight finger breadths in length, we may take this as the length of the tooth elevator. _Tooth Scalers._ Greek, ξυστήριον, σμιλίον, σμιλιώτον (sc. ὄργανον); Latin, _scalper medicinalis_. Paul (VI. xxviii) mentions a small raspatory used for removing tartar from teeth: 'The scaly concretions which adhere to teeth we may remove with the scoop of a specillum, or with a scaler (ξυστηρίῳ) or a file.' Scribonius Largus (_Comp._ liii) mentions an excavator: Itaque cum etiam exesus est aliqua ex parte, tum non suadeo protinus tollendum, sed excidendum scalpro medicinali, qua cavatus est, quod sine ullo fit dolore, reliqua enim solida pars eius et speciem et usum dentis praestabit. Marcellus conveys this passage entire (_De Med._ xii). Paul (VI. xii) says supernumerary teeth may be cut down with excavators (τῶν σμιλιωτῶν). _File._ Greek, ῥινάριον, ῥίνη, ῥινίον; Latin, _lima_, _limula_. In compound fracture with protrusion of bone Celsus says: 'Should any small piece of bone protrude, if it is blunt it should be reduced to its place. If it is sharp its point should first be cut off if it is long, and if short it should be filed. "In either case it should be smoothed with the raspatory."' (Si longius est, praecidendum; si brevius, limandum, et utrumque scalpro laevandum.) The application of the raspatory to smooth the bone after the use of the file shows that it must have been more of the nature of a rasp than a file which was used for bones. Scribonius Largus speaks of a wood file or rasp used in reducing a hart's horn to powder (_Comp._ cxli): Ad lumbricos satis commode facit et santonica herba, quae non viget, et cornum cervinum limatum lima lignaria. Files were largely used in dental work. All the surgeons state that where a tooth projects above its fellows it should be filed down; Galen says that for this purpose he has invented an olivary pointed file of steel: σιδήριον ἐποίησα ῥινίον πυρηνοειδές (xiv. 871). Aetius copies Galen's chapter word for word (II. iv. 30). Paul (VI. xxviii) says the file (ῥινάριον) may be used to remove tartar from teeth. There are several files of steel in the Naples Museum which are classed among the surgical instruments. Many Roman files of steel which have been found in London are now in the Guildhall Museum. Some of these have transverse edges like our own files. Other extant specimens have coarse frets on them, like our wood rasps. Pl. XLII. fig. 1 shows one in the Guildhall collection, which is of the rasp variety. _Forceps for extracting Weapons._ Greek, βελουλκόν (sc. ὄργανον).