Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter, either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose _b_ or _p_ is often used--thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, _trum_ made into _trump_, _sem_ into _semp_, and _emas_ into _embas_. So among our names we have _Dumplin_, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), _Gamble_ for Gamel, and _Ambler_ for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two principles may apply. In a similar manner we have _glas_ made into _glast_ in Glæstingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. 88). So _d_ seems sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it appears to me, may be the origin of our names _Field_, _Fielding_, _Fielder_. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell, Fielling, &c., the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at p. 50. So also our name _Hind_ may perhaps be the same, assuming a final _d_, as another name, _Hine_, which, presuming the _h_ not to be organic, may be from the unexplained stem _in_ or _ine_, as in the name of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case _Hyndman_ might be the same name as _Inman_. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name _Nield_ formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also _f_ appears to be sometimes changed for a similar purpose into _p_, as in _Asprey_ and _Lamprey_ for Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending _frid_ commonly becomes _frey_ (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the _Liber Vitæ_), the rest is easy. The most common phonetic intrusion is that of _r_, and one of the ways in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group of names: _Pendgast_, _Pendegast_, _Prendergast_, _Prendergrass_. Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem _bend_ (p. 44), with _gast_, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then _e_ naturally becomes _er_, passing the very slight barrier which English pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the need of a second _r_ to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.[43] One of the features in men's names, it will be seen, is that as they have (differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted to see the various steps of a process.