"Directly and indirectly the Norman conquest influenced Scotland only less profoundly than England itself. In the case of Scotland it was less immediate and obtrusive, but in its totality it is a fact of the first importance in the national history." It affected Scotland in the latter part of the times which we have considered right up to John o' Groats. Moray was divided among Normans and "trustworthy natives," and the scattering of its Pictish population gave the Mackays to Sutherland, and, largely blended with the Norse, they still occupy the greater part of it. The Freskyns, as "trustworthy natives," were introduced into Sutherland, after many a fight for it, by charter doubtless in Norman form; and Normans won Caithness in the persons of the earlier Cheynes and Oliphants and St. Clairs, who, by inter-marriage with the descendants in the female line of a branch of the Freskyns, possessed themselves not only of the lands of the family of Moddan but of most of the mainland territories of the Erlend line, through Johanna of Strathnaver's daughters and great-grand-daughters. At a time and in an age when liberty meant licence, the order which the Norman introduced into the north made more truly for real liberty and the supremacy of law, than the individual independence which the Norseman had left his native land to preserve; and though both feudalism and the blind obedience to authority then enjoined by the Catholic Church are no longer approved or required, and have long been rightly discarded, yet they served their purpose in their day, by evolving from the wild blend of Gaels and Norsemen, which held the land, a civilised people free from many of the worse, and endowed with many of the better qualities of either race. NOTES _The following abbreviations are used: H.B. for Hume Brown's History of Scotland. O.S. for Orkneyinga Saga. O.P. for Origines Parochiales. F.B. for Flatey Book. O. and S. for Tudor's Orkney and Shetland. B.N. Burnt Njal. And see List of Authorities (ante) for full titles of Books referred to. Save where otherwise stated the references to the Sagas are to the chapters not pages_. NOTES CHAPTER I. [Footnote 1: _Rhind Lectures_ 1883 and 1886, and see _The County of Caithness_, pp. 273-307.] [Footnote 2: _Royal Commission 2nd Report, 1911_, and _3rd Report, 1911_; see also Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains of Caithness_, 1866.] [Footnote 3: _Survivals in Belief among the Celts_, 1911.] [Footnote 4: _Tacitus, Agricola_ 22-28.] [Footnote 5: Coille-duine, or Kelyddon-ii.] [Footnote 6: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 5.] [Footnote 7: Anderson, _Scotland in Pagan Times_, p. 222. Two plates of brass found in Craig Carrill Broch. Copper 84%, tin 16%.] [Footnote 8: See Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains in Caithness_, Laing ascribes a much greater antiquity to the _Burgs_, pp. 60-61. See Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots_, pp. 157-160 as to a legend of their Scythian origin, and p. xcvi and p. 58.]