Sweated industry and the minimum wageBlack, Clementina
History
Sweated industry and the minimum wage
Black, Clementina
Minimum wage; Sweatshops
Other children are employed by shopkeepers; milk and newspapers are
delivered before and after school, boys are employed by grocers,
greengrocers, &c., to carry out goods, and—sometimes for incredibly long
hours—by barbers. Girls run errands and match stuffs and trimmings. In
the Parliamentary Return obtained from school teachers by Sir John Gorst
in 1899, out of 144,026 children, about 12% were described as engaged in
street trading, exposed inevitably to every inclemency of weather and to
all the hazards of promiscuous companionship, while acquiring habits
that unfit them for regular work later in life. Moreover, the street
seller, juvenile no less than adult, is apt to seek for customers in the
public house. Very few, comparatively, of employed children are engaged
in work that is likely to be of use to them industrially in their
maturer life; and even of those few, some are working under bad
conditions. The Factory Inspectors’ Reports are seldom free from
instances of the overwork of children. In last year’s, for example,
mention is made of boys under thirteen years of age, and even under
twelve, being found, on several occasions, at work in bakehouses. One
boy of twelve, who was found by the inspector clearing ashes from the
oven, before 6 in the morning, had for two or three years been employed,
before school, in delivering rolls, and at the midday break, as well as
after school, in running errands.[33]
Several children under 13 years of age were found working full time in
brick fields.[34]
A bad case is noted on p. 99: “A lad of 15, employed in a large tin
works in West Wales, had started work at 6.30 A.M. on a certain Monday
morning and continued working till 6 A.M. on the following Tuesday.
During this period he only left the works for one hour, viz., 5 till 6
P.M. on Monday, when he went home and took a short rest. He had
therefore worked during the whole twenty-four hours with only about one
hour’s rest.”
The chief lady Inspector says, on pp. 302–3, “Carrying of jam and of
jam-pots, empty or full, is still done largely by women and girls, and I
have cautioned several occupiers about the weights I have found little
girls lifting. A 40-pound tray is a heavy load for a girl of fourteen,
and the repeated carrying of such trays all day long must have a bad
effect.”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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