Peabody, Moral Philos., 41-60—“Conscience not a source, but a means, of knowledge. Analogous to consciousness. A judicial faculty. Judges according to the law before it. Verdict (verum dictum) always relatively right, although, by the absolute standard of right, it may be wrong. Like all perceptive faculties, educated by use (not by increase of knowledge only, for man may act worse, the more knowledge he has). For absolutely right decisions, conscience is dependent upon knowledge. To recognize conscience as _legislator_ (as well as judge), is to fail to recognize any objective standard of right.” The Two Consciences, 46, 47—“Conscience the Law, and Conscience the Witness. The latter is the true and proper Conscience.” H. B. Smith, System of Christ. Theology, 178-191—“The unity of conscience is not in its being one faculty or in its performing one function, but in its having one _object_, its relation to one idea, viz., _right_.... The term ‘conscience’ no more designates a special faculty than the term ‘religion’ does (or than the ‘æsthetic sense’).... The existence of conscience proves a moral law above us; it leads logically to a Moral Governor; ... it implies an essential distinction between right and wrong, an immutable morality; ... yet needs to be enlightened; ... men may be conscientious in iniquity; ... conscience is not righteousness; ... this may only show the greatness of the depravity, having conscience, and yet ever disobeying it.” On the New Testament passages with regard to conscience, see Hofmann, Lehre von dem Gewissen, 30-38; Kähler, Das Gewissen, 225-293. For the view that conscience is primarily the cognitive or intuitional power of the soul, see Calderwood, Moral Philosophy, 77; Alexander, Moral Science, 20; McCosh, Div. Govt., 297-312; Talbot, Ethical Prolegomena, in Bap. Quar., July, 1877:257-274; Park, Discourses, 260-296; Whewell, Elements of Morality, 1:259-266. On the whole subject of conscience, see Mansel, Metaphysics, 158-170; Martineau, Religion and Materialism, 45—“The discovery of duty is as distinctly relative to an objective Righteousness as the perception of form to an external space”; also Types, 2:27-30—“We first judge ourselves; then others”; 53, 54, 74, 103—“Subjective morals are as absurd as subjective mathematics.” The best brief treatment of the whole subject is that of E. G. Robinson, Principles and Practice of Morality, 26-78. See also Wayland, Moral Science, 49; Harless, Christian Ethics, 45, 60; H. N. Day, Science of Ethics, 17; Janet, Theory of Morals, 264, 348; Kant, Metaphysic of Ethics, 62; _cf._ Schwegler, Hist. Philosophy, 233; Haven, Mor. Philos., 41; Fairchild, Mor. Philos., 75; Gregory, Christian Ethics, 71; Passavant, Das Gewissen; Wm. Schmid, Das Gewissen. 2. Will.