Good range finders: Those whose error does not exceed 100 m., and in exceptional cases 150 m. Fair range finders: Those whose normal error does not exceed 150 and never 200 m. Poor range finders: Those whose error exceeds 200 m. The =Russians= estimate only short ranges, as a rule; the longer ranges are determined by means of range finding instruments. In the first year of their service all the men are drilled in estimating ranges from 400 to 800 paces; officers and twenty specially selected men from each company up to 3000 paces. The latter (both officers and men) are to make at least 36 estimates in nine days. (Par. 190 Russian I. F. R.). The result is considered good when the error in the estimate does not exceed the figure given below at the ranges named: Range in paces. Error in paces. Percentage of error. 400 to 1000 paces 50 or 12.5 to 5 % 1000 „ 2000 „ 100 „ 10 „ 5 „ 2000 „ 3000 „ 200 „ 10 „ 6.6„ The Russian range finding instrument (_Souchier_) is used by officers and specially trained non-commissioned officers; errors in determining ranges are not to exceed a maximum of 2-3 per cent. In =Switzerland= recruits are trained to estimate distances up to 600 m. and specially skilled men up to 1500 m.; all non-commissioned officers estimate ranges up to 1000 m. and officers up to 1500 m. Three weeks after the recruits join, those of the most skilled in estimating distances--about an eighth of the total number--are selected to undergo further instruction. For this purpose they are placed under the orders of an officer charged with this instruction, who trains them for at least three hours, every other day, in estimating distances on varied ground. The better half of these men, regardless of the company to which they may belong, receive further instruction. Exercises on wholly unknown terrain are to be had with these men and not only extended marches but even railway journeys not exceeding 30 km. are authorized for this purpose. In =Austria= the men are required to estimate distances up to 800 paces (600 m.),_i.e._, up to the range within which they might frequently have to choose their target independently. Only officers, non-commissioned officers, and specially skilled men are required to estimate ranges up to 2000 paces (1500 m.). The mean error of twenty determinations at short, mid, and long ranges, of a “reliable range finder,” is not to exceed 12 per cent. The _Roksandic_ range finding apparatus is said to give errors not exceeding 2-3 per cent when skillfully used.