Long range fire was employed with success on the defensive by the French at St. Privat (the Germans suffered the most serious losses at ranges from 1200 to 1000 m.) and by the Turks at Plevna. At 1500 m. the Russian losses were such that they were obliged to begin advancing by rushes. The losses decreased as the enemy’s position was approached. The long range fire had produced a retarding but by no means an annihilating effect. On the other hand, the fire of the defender, at extremely short ranges, had a telling effect at Beaune la Rolande; in the defense of Chagey on the Lisaine;[147] in the defense of Shipka Pass (200 to 300 paces) by the Russians, and in the engagement at Gorni Bugarov (1st Jan., 1878). Whenever the attacker enters the short range zone while still in unsuitable formations, his losses increase until they become annihilating. (Example: The bayonet attacks made by the Austrians at Nachod and Trautenau).[148] [147] KUNZ, _Entscheidungskämpfe des Korps Werder_, II, pp. 53, 93 and 143. The village was situated in a valley and had only a limited field of fire. [148] KÜHNE, _Kritische Wanderungen_, I, pp. 73 and 139; III, pp. 86 and 113. As regards flatness of trajectory and accuracy, the power of the needle gun (_Zündnadelgewehr_) at point blank range (280 m.) corresponds to the effect of rifle model ’98 at approximately 800 to 900 m. At Nachod the regiments named below suffered in two hours the losses given: Loss, men; Strength; prisoners Regiment. men. included. Prisoners. Percentage. 20th Infantry 2,500 722 165 28.8% 60th Infantry 2,500 685 185 27.4% Provisions of Various Regulations. =Austria.= “_In attack, everything must be done to get as close as possible to the enemy before fire is opened._” In each fire position the fire should be delivered with steadiness and without haste. In _defense_, fire is to be opened as soon as appropriate targets appear within effective range. Sometimes--especially in minor operations--it may be advantageous to let the enemy come up close and then open fire on him suddenly. A decisive fire effect can only be counted on when the targets are situated within effective range. Ineffective fire is a waste of ammunition which impairs the morale of one’s own troops and raises that of the enemy. For firing at long ranges it is necessary to consider whether a sufficient amount of ammunition is available. Long range fire should, in any case, be used only when the size of the target makes an adequate fire effect probable, and when the range is known, or can be ascertained with accuracy. In long range fire the use of small units, each expending a large amount of ammunition, is as a rule to be recommended. The _distribution_ and _concentration_ of fire should be regulated by the officer charged with fire direction.