_Aspect of the Rings._—In different years the rings present a varying outline, owing to the fact of their inclination (28° 10′) and to changes in the relative positions of the Earth and Saturn. At intervals of about fifteen years the rings are widely open, as they were in 1855, 1869, and 1885, and will be in 1899. At similar intervals they are rendered invisible, being turned edgeways to the Earth, as in 1848, 1862, 1877, and 1891. Since 1877 the S. side of the rings has been presented to terrestrial observers; but in 1893 the N. side will come under inspection, and remain in view until 1907. The S. side of the rings is obviously more favourably visible to observers in England and other N. latitudes, because the planet is always above the equator and attains a fair altitude when it is presented. The N. side of the rings is exposed when Saturn is in S. declination, and therefore more liable to our atmospheric disturbances owing to his comparatively low altitude. The extreme narrowness of the rings is apparent at the periods when the planet crosses the node and they are situated in the plane of the line of sight. In small telescopes they become invisible, and the finest instruments only exhibit them as thread-like extensions from the equator of the planet. Sir J. Herschel says that on April 29, 1833, the disappearance of the ring was _complete_ when observed with a reflector of 18 inches aperture and 20 feet focal length. It remained visible in 1862 as a broken line of light. At such times the satellites are seen as bright beads, threading their way along the narrow wavering line of the belts. Inequalities have been observed at such times; for the line of light into which the rings are then resolved is not uniform in breadth, but appears broken and undulatory, as though indicating a very rugged character of surface. Sir J. Herschel estimated the thickness of the rings as 250 miles, but Bond thought it far less—about 40 miles. There are great obstacles in the way of ascertaining the exact proportions of a structure so distant and offering such an extremely slender form to our view.