2. The PENATES and LARES. These deities were also peculiarly Roman. The Lar, or Lares, were supposed to be the souls of ancestors which resided in the home and guarded it. Their images were kept in an oratory or domestic chapel, called a Lararium, and were crowned by the master of the house to make them propitious. The paterfamilias conducted all the domestic worship of the household, whether of prayers or sacrifices, according to the maxim of Cato, "Scito dominum pro tota familia rem divinam facere[285]." The Penates were beings of a higher order than the Lares, but having much the same offices. Their name was from the words denoting the interior of the mansion (Penetralia, Penitus). They took part in all the joys and sorrows of the family. To go home was "to return to one's Penates." In the same way, "Lar meus" meant "my house "; "Lar conductus," "a hired house "; "Larem mutare" meant to change one's house. Thus the Roman in his home felt himself surrounded by invisible friends and guardians. No other nation, except the Chinese, have carried this religion of home so far. This is the tender side of the stern Roman character. Very little of pathos or sentiment appears in Roman poetry, but the lines by Catullus to his home are as tender as anything in modern literature. The little peninsula of Sirmio on the Lago di Garda has been glorified by these few words. 3. The GENIUS. The worship of the genius of a person or place was also peculiarly Italian. Each man had his genius, from whom his living power and vital force came. Tertullian speaks of the genius of places. On coins are found the Genius of Rome. Almost everything had its genius,--nations, colonies, princes, the senate, sleep, the theatre. The marriage-bed is called genial, because guarded by a genius. All this reminds us of the Fravashi of the Avesta and of the Persian monuments. Yet the Genius also takes his place among the highest gods. III. Deities of the human soul:-- 1. MENS, Mind, Intellect. 2. PUDICITIA, Chastity. 3. PIETAS, Piety, Reverence for Parents. 4 FIDES, Fidelity. 5. CONCORDIA, Concord. 6. VIRTUS, Courage. 7. SPES, Hope. 8. PALLOR or PAVOR, Fear. 9. VOLUPTAS, Pleasure. IV. Deities of rural and other occupations:-- 1. TELLUS, the Earth. 2. SATURNUS, Saturn. The root of this name is SAO = SERO, _to sow_. Saturn is the god of planting and sowing. 3. OPS, goddess of the harvest. 4. MARS. Originally an agricultural god, dangerous to crops; afterwards god of war. 5. SILVANUS, the wood god. 6. FAUNUS, an old Italian deity, the patron of agriculture. 7. TERMINUS, an old Italian deity, the guardian of limits and boundaries. 8. CERES, goddess of the cereal grasses. 9. LIBER, god of the vine, and of wine.