Text Book of Biology, Part 1: VertebrataWells, H. G. (Herbert George)
Science
Text Book of Biology, Part 1: Vertebrata
Wells, H. G. (Herbert George)
Biology -- Textbooks
May be killed by drowning in dilute methylated spirit, or by chloroform.
Take a recently-killed frog, and examine a drop of its blood, spread
out on a glass slip, under the microscope; compare it with your own.
Before using the high power, put a cover glass over the object, of
course. Scrape the roof of the mouth of the frog gently, to obtain
ciliated epithelium; and mount in very weak salt solution-- the cilia will
still be active. Squamous epithelium may be seen by the student
similarly scraping the interior of his own cheek. Take a piece of
muscle from one of the frog's limbs, tease out with needles upon a
glass slip, and examine. To see the striations clearly, the high power
will be needed. Compare a piece of muscle from the wall of the
alimentary canal. Similarly examine nerve and connective tissue.
First Dissection.-- Pin out the frog in a dissecting dish, ventral surface
uppermost, and cover with water. Open up the skin along the
mid-ventral line. Note the large sub-cutaneous lymph spaces, the
pelvic and pectoral girdles, and the anterior abdominal vein. Cut into
the body cavity on one side of this latter, cut across in front of where
the vein dips down to liver, and peel the body wall away from it. The
xiphisternum will probably be cut in this operation. In early spring the
females are greatly distended with ova, and the greater portion of the
ovary may, with advantage, be removed. The oviduct is dead white
then, and larger and much more in evidence than the (pinkish)
intestine even. Turn over the viscera, and compare with Sheet 11;
one lung is often found greatly inflated, and then projects back into
the body cavity; the stomach is, in some cases, pushed forward and
hidden behind the shoulder girdle. Observe the allantoic bladder, the
spleen, gall bladder, portal vein, and pancreas. By squeezing the gall
bladder gently, the bile duct will be injected with bile, and will be
apparent if the stomach is turned over. The oesophagus, just in front
of the stomach, should be cut through, and the rectum, and the
mesentery and alimentary canal supported by it, removed. This will
expose the urogenital organs. (Vide Figures given.) These vary
greatly, especially in the females, at different seasons. The condition
figured would be seen in late autumn, or winter. In spring females are
often found copulating with males, and then the ovary itself is
inconspicuous, while the lower part of the oviduct is enormously
distended with ova, so as to be mistaken sometimes for the ovary
by those who fail to note that the ova are enclosed by a thin
semi-transparent skin (wall of oviduct). The vena cava inferior is
seen between the kidneys and the renal portal vein beside the ureter.
Cutting through the mesentery supporting the kidney laterally, the
dorsal aorta is exposed, and on either side of it the sympathetic chain
and rami communicantes, often tinged with black pigment.
This black pigment is a frequent but variable feature of the frog's
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