The results of slight over-exposure, or repeated short exposures vary from a simple redness of the skin to severe dermatitis, the hair of the part being shed. When the over-exposure or dosage has been severe, the skin may vesicate and ulcerate. I have seen this in cases where the rays have been used for reduction of the spleen in leukæmia and Banti‘s disease. The burns heal with cicatrisation of radiate shape, the skin around the scar being permeated with numerous capillary vessels which produce the appearance of capillary nævi, and in other instances large stellate superficial vessels are formed. In addition, marked pigmentation of the skin may follow the burn. X-ray burns which have produced vesication and ulceration or sloughing take a long time to heal in comparison with ordinary burns. In repeated exposure to the rays, even when little redness has been noticed at the time, the formation of capillary vessels may become evident some time after the exposures have been stopped. This may cause disfigurement, by the formation of telangiectasis, especially if they appear on the face or neck. The falling out of the hair is produced by X-rays as a therapeutic measure in cases of ringworm, and due precaution must be taken to limit the effect and area of exposure by proper screening. The same precaution should be used to protect parts of the body other than the part which requires treatment or examination in other conditions. With increasing knowledge of the effects of X-ray exposures, special precautions have been devised to prevent untoward effects, so that burns from over-exposure, and dermatitis amongst X-ray workers are prevented. CONTUSIONS AND BRUISES