(_a_) Rupture of the umbilical cord. In all cases it would be advisable to measure the length of the cord, and then the distance of the vulva from the ground, allowing of course for the woman not being quite erect at the time of delivery owing to a separation of the legs. A disproportion between the two measurements may or may not account for the rupture of the cord. The following measurements may be taken: usual length of cord, eighteen to twenty inches; distance of vulva from the ground, twenty-six inches, but allowing for stooping, two-thirds of the above. To the length of the cord must be added about nine inches, the distance from the navel to the top of the head of the child. Thus, a fall of about thirty inches will put no strain on the cord. A case is on record of a rupture of the cord taking place while the woman was in a _recumbent_ position, but in that case the labour was precipitate, and the cord very short and small. (_b_) Placenta not detached from the child. (_c_) Fracture of the parietal bones; the fracture radiating into the frontal and squamous portion of the temporal bone. In experiments on twenty-five children dropped from a height of thirty inches, one parietal bone was found fractured in sixteen of the cases; both parietals, in six cases. The fractures in most cases occurred about the parietal protuberances. It must be remembered that the children were dead, and that it is easier to fracture the skull of a live infant than that of a dead one. (_d_) Imperfect ossification of the bones of the skull. (_e_) Absence of other injuries. 2. In Favour of Criminal Violence (_a_) The fact of the umbilical cord being divided by some sharp instrument and not torn. A caution must be here inserted, for Taylor mentions a case where rupture of the cord occurred in such a manner that it could not be decided whether it had been intentionally cut or torn. (_b_) Extensive fracture of one or more of the bones of the cranium. (_c_) Fracture and dislocation of the neck. (_d_) Presence of incised wounds, and other evidence of violence. _N.B._--In all doubtful cases, a guarded opinion should be given, stating simply that the dissection does not reveal anything contrary to the statements offered as to the cause of death. III. Congenital Disease in one or more of the Fœtal Organs.--In all cases the presence of congenital disease must be sought for. IV. Neglect or Exposure, constituting “Infanticide by Omission.”--Under this head may be mentioned the following: (_a_) Neglecting to place the child in such a position that it may breathe freely. (_b_) Neglecting to protect the child from extremes of cold or heat. (_c_) Neglecting to feed it with the food appropriate to its age. (See Signs of Death from Starvation, pp. 132 _et seq._) (_d_) Neglecting to tie the umbilical cord.