_Post-mortem Appearances._--If the poison has been drunk, a dark brownish horny rim may be found soon after death round the lips; the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach is whitened, corrugated, and softened, and looks as if smeared with white lead--in some cases, horny in patches; inflammatory signs being absent or only slightly visible. The blood is uniformly fluid, becoming a bright red on exposure. The smell of carbolic acid is detected in the stomach, and sometimes in the small intestine, and even in the spleen, liver, and kidneys. In Dr. Ferrier‘s case, the urine found in the bladder after death had a slight olive-greenish tint with a peculiar mixed odour, which gave the usual reactions to the tests for carbolic acid. The dark colour of the urine is not due to the presence of hæmin, as the urine, in poisoning by carbolic acid, does not contain more than a normal amount of iron; the colour is, therefore, probably due to some product formed by the partial oxidation of the acid as hydroquinone. Signs of nephritis may be present. The left ventricle of the heart is, in most cases, found contracted, the right flaccid. The lungs are congested, and this may also be the case with the vessels of the brain; but there may be an entire absence of any _post-mortem signs_ to point to the probable cause of death, where the poison has gained entrance through a wound when the acid has been used as a surgical dressing. _Chemical Analysis._--Carbolic acid may be separated from mixture with organic substances by distillation with dilute sulphuric acid, from urine by agitation with ether. Bromine water, as recommended by Landolt, gives a bulky yellowish precipitate of tribromo-phenol. The precipitate should then be collected, well washed, and gently warmed in a test tube with sodium-amalgam and water. The liquid poured into a dish and acidulated, will, if phenol be present, give the characteristic odour of that substance, and it may be seen floating in the liquid as an oily fluid. By this test, one part of phenol in 43,700 of water may be detected. It must be remembered that, according to Landolt, carbolic acid is normally present in the urine, but Hoppe Seyler contends that it is not originally present in urine, but is formed by the action of sulphuric acid, probably from indican. Carbolic acid urine, treated with nitric acid, and then with potassæ, and concentrated, becomes blood-red, brown-red, and then changes from pea-green to violet. Carbolic acid mixed with urine does not give the above reactions (Schmidt‘s _Jahrbücher_, Bd. clxiv. p. 144). A solution of carbolic acid, mixed with one-fourth of its volume of ammonia and a few drops of bleaching powder solution (1 in 20 of water), and then warmed, but not boiled, assumes a blue colour (green in very dilute solutions), becoming red on the addition of sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. The perchloride of iron gives a violet colour with carbolic acid.