_Symptoms._ These, of course, are manifest enough while the animal is sufficiently excited to give rise to the noise. Certain indications may be obtained even while the animal stands in the stable. If _cough_ is excited by pinching the upper rings of the windpipe it is prolonged into a groan. If suddenly threatened with a cane the abrupt inspiration which results is attended by a _grunt_. The absence of these symptoms is not, however, sufficient to establish the nonexistence of roaring. The horse must be galloped or put to heavy draught to fully test the breathing organs. Galloping up a steep hill is perhaps the best test. A gallop over a recently ploughed field is about equally good. Soft pasture land or an unpaved road is preferable to Macadam or pavement. Galloping in a riding school on the soft tan is an excellent measure as the sound is confined and the animal is always within earshot of the examiner. The person examining should either ride the horse himself or have a disinterested party, in no way connected with either buyer or seller, to mount him. If the rider is in the interest of the seller he may contrive to slacken the pace before he reaches the examiner, or by irritating the horse may make it difficult to approach him immediately on his being pulled up. If in the interest of the buyer he may succeed, by the use of a powerful bit, in drawing the horse’s nose in to the chest, or by compressing the larynx with a tight throat latch he may produce noise in breathing when the animal is suddenly brought to a stand. Unless the course is up a steep hill or over a ploughed field the horse should be galloped for from five to ten minutes; he should be then made to pass close to the examiner at full speed, and finally brought up suddenly by his side and without any previous slacking of his pace. The ear should be at once placed close to the nostrils, when the slightest abnormal sound accompanying the inspiratory act will be at once recognized. Draught horses are sufficiently tested by driving them in a heavy vehicle or one with the wheels dragged. By walking alongside or keeping the ear near to the nostrils any harsh sound additional to the normal blowing noise of hurried breathing is easily noted. The finger placed on the larynx detects the strong vibratory tremor, and Friedberger notes that the left arytenoid is much more easily displaced than the right, increasing the stridor. If the horse is, at the time of examination, the subject of a cold, sore throat, or other acute disease of the air passages no importance is to be attached to any noise made in breathing, but he cannot be pronounced a _sound_ horse until, this malady having passed off, it is found on careful examination that no such sequel has been left.