“In this connection, the statement of the air breathed by an ox per hour and that supplied him on board a ship with insufficient ventilation or none may be instructive. The ox takes in with each breath about 5 liters of air. This is at the rate of 50 liters per minute, or 3,000 per hour = 105.9 cubic feet. This amount of air is therefore rendered all but irrespirable by each animal in the course of an hour. And this, be it noted, is by breathing alone, and makes no account of the contamination by perspiration in the overheated hold, and by the emanations from the accumulating excrement.” “On board the steamers we have found the space allotted to each bullock to vary from 150 to 240 cubic feet. On the steamship “Holland,” loaded at New York, August 21, 1881, we found the stalls amidships allowed the full space of 240 cubic feet per head. In the bow where there was less height between the decks the space was considerably less. On the lower deck, where 129 cattle were accommodated, the space allowed each was 217.4 cubic feet. The port-holes in the upper deck were nine inches in diameter and there was one for each pair of stalls—central and lateral—or for eight oxen. These being well above the water line would be available for ventilation in ordinary weather. The port-holes in the lower deck, similarly arranged, were about two feet above the water line, and consequently not available for ventilation, save in exceptionally calm weather. The temperature on the main deck of this ship (between the outer and main deck), when only half the cattle had been loaded, was in the neighborhood of 90° although she was lying in the center of the North River with port-holes and hatches open, and a fresh breeze blowing from the north.” “On the ‘Assyrian Monarch’ the space per head was only 192 cubic feet, but this ship was supplied with a ventilating fan or blower capable of delivering over 50,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour, so that her ventilation was abundantly provided for. In some smaller ships we found the space per head to exceed little, if at all, 150 cubic feet. In these, accordingly, a single hour without any change of air would threaten the life of every animal on board, and two hours would endanger those for which even the larger space is provided. It is true that such absolute seclusion is rarely required, and that a certain amount of ærial diffusion is always going on through imperfectly closed hatches, companion ways, and ventilators, yet that these are often insufficient has been amply shown by such losses as are reported above, as well as by the bronchitis and tuberculosis which Drs. Whitney, Lyman, and Williams have found in the lungs of American animals arriving in England.” “ORGANIC MATTER IN EXPIRED AIR.”