“All such considerations must emphasize the demand for such a constant renewal of air between decks on steamers carrying cattle as shall serve to obviate all those conditions of ill-health, with congestion and inflammation of the lungs, as have proved in the past a serious drawback to our foreign cattle-trade. To accomplish this and at once remove from between decks the excess of carbon dioxide, of decomposing organic matter, and of humidity, and to furnish air approaching in purity and dryness that of the atmosphere outside, we can conceive of nothing more simple and effective than thorough ventilation by fan or heat extraction, as referred to below.” Report of the U. S. Treasury Cattle Commission, 1882. The above quotations were written with special reference to cattle but the author reproduces them here as in principle applicable to horses as well. In both horses and cattle treated as above it is common to find ingesta in the bronchia drawn in during the violent paroxysms of coughing. Here we have a direct mechanical irritant and a means of septic infection, highly calculated to induce unhealthy broncho-pneumonia. Williams quotes the case of a horse in which vomition was caused by an over dose of aconite, and a portion of the food entered the bronchi. In this connection must be named the introduction into the bronchia of liquids forcibly administered to horses and cattle. In the horse the length of the soft palate enables him to hold liquids in the mouth during his pleasure, and among the expedients adopted to coerce him are the very dangerous ones of holding the nostrils and of pouring the liquid through the nose. When the nostrils are held the urgent demand for air leads to attempts to breathe through the mouth, and, whether he succeeds in this or not, the usual result is the drawing of a portion of the liquid into the lungs. When it is poured through the nose the animal cannot protect himself except by rapid gulping, and as he must breathe, a portion of the liquid is usually drawn into the lungs. Any irritant taken in this way will develop bronchitis, and some bland agents like melted lard are almost equally injurious. Cattle having a short palate can scarcely resist swallowing liquids that are poured into the mouth, but a cough with the succeeding quick inspiration will almost certainly draw a portion into the bronchia. To return to the influence of cold, exposed situations which receive the full force of cold winds, those from the north and west on the Atlantic slope are specially conducive to bronchitis. Exposure of newly clipped animals to stand without protection in winter or early spring, has the same tendency. Finally the inhalation of smoke or of heated and irritant gases and vapors, as in a burning building, is an effective factor.