Even today practitioners of the soundest judgment meet with a limited number of cases in which they resort to bleeding with advantage. These occur mainly in strong, robust constitutions, in individuals accustomed to an invigorating, open air life, liberal diet and abundant exercise. Even in these this measure is chiefly resorted to, to relieve an acute pulmonary congestion with a dangerous distension and over charging of a fatigued and overworked heart. In short the condition is one closely allied to acute congestion in which the value of bleeding is all but universally admitted. It is especially warranted early in the disease, though it may still be adopted with caution in a similar condition which has supervened at a later stage. A strong pulse and bright red mucous membranes, are not as has been supposed, essential prerequisites to its employment. The mucosæ may be pale, or more likely cyanotic, and the pulse small and weak, from the over charging of the heart and its tendency to failure, and it is to relieve these conditions that we adopt this most potent of all measures for securing a temporary lessening of the blood pressure in the right heart and pulmonary circulation. Even the transient relief may allow this to right itself and then less radical or dangerous measures may be relied on. Bleeding should very rarely be resorted to save at the outset of the disease; extensive exudation into the lung tissue strongly contra-indicates it; it cannot be safely employed in the very young or old, in weak or debilitated subjects, when the pneumonia has relapsed or supervened on another serious malady, or when occurring in an unhealthy district. Delafond met with a very high death-rate from bleeding in a damp undrained locality. Where bleeding is permissible, the blood should be drawn from the jugular in a full stream, from a large orifice, the finger being placed upon the pulse, and the flow arrested as soon as the blood is felt to pass along the vessel in a fuller, freer current, and the breathing is seen to be relieved. It can rarely be repeated with profit or safety, and in the vast majority of cases can be well dispensed with altogether. _Antipyretic Treatment._ When the temperature runs dangerously high, a temporary use of antipyrin, acetanilid, phenacetin, or other potent antithermic remedy may be resorted to. But agents that so profoundly affect the heat centres are not devoid of danger and should not as a rule be continued after the dangerous excess of temperature has been overcome. They may be looked on as valuable to temporarily obviate an extreme danger rather than as a form of regular treatment. The modern resort of applying ice bags to the chest may be similarly disposed of. In very high fever they have been apparently beneficial, but the danger of chill or injurious reaction is so great that they must be employed with the greatest possible consideration and care.