VII. =Angioma= may be but an exaggerated development of the abundant venous plexus and erectile tissue on the surface of the turbinated bones. There appears to be at other times an actual increase of the vascular tissue. As might be expected it has no abrupt margin, but gradually shades off into the healthy tissue. The prominent centre has a bluish red or brownish hue. It obstructs breathing, is apt to bleed under violent exertions in draught, or in contested races, and readily ulcerates with a bloody discharge. If it subsides and heals, it is followed by a whitish puckering like the so-called _cicatrix_ of glanders. CATARRH OF THE FRONTAL SINUSES IN CATTLE. CATARRH FROM TRAUMATISM. Extent of sinuses in cattle. Causes, blows, unequal teams, locking horns, fracture. Pathology. Congestion, exudation, suppuration, swelling and closure of outlet, prostration, fever, agalactia, septic infection, ulceration, exclusion of oxygen. Symptoms. Crimson hæmorrhage, disturbed breathing, appetite, rumination, position of head and eyelids, percussion and temperature of forehead, fever. Chronic form. Slow progress, emaciation, anorexia, facial expression, hide, discharge, breath heavy or fœtid. Duration. Prognosis. Lesions in sinuses and glands. Treatment. Cold irrigation, icebags, elevation of head, laxatives, diuretics, dehorning, trephining, injections, astringent, antiseptic, blister, tonics. The gravity of this affection is a consequence of the great extent of the delicate mucous membrane which lines the frontal sinus. This cavity not only occupies the whole forehead from beneath the eyes up to the frontal crest, but extends, in the mature horned animal, into the tapering bony process which forms the basis of support for the horn. The mucosa is rendered all the more extensive by the numerous pillars and septa that pass from the outer bony plate to the inner, giving great strength to the part for purposes of offense and defence. Inflammation of this membrane is usually the result of blows on the horns, and these are much more common among working oxen than dairy cows. The immediate cause is violent contact with the yoke when the head is lowered at pasture, and from blows of a club in the hands of the driver. In countries where the yoke is a broad padded board hung from the horns and resting on the forehead traumatic injuries are much more common. The active and vigorous animal gets the greater part of the work, and the wrench and jar may induce hæmorrhage and catarrh. If the yoke is ill-made or badly fitted the case is worse. The blows sustained by horn or forehead in an ordinary fight, may also be the cause, and a partial or complete fracture of the bony support is especially hurtful when the detached horn is replaced so as to close in the cavity. Blows on the frontal crest are also dangerous.