_Prevention_ should be sought by removing all such poisonous plants from pastures, or land used for raising fodder crops. POISONING BY CANTHARIDES AND OTHER INSECTS. Action on genito-urinary and alimentary tracts. Dysphagia, congestion, retching, diarrhœa, with mucus and blood, diuresis, enuresis, albuminuria, retracted testicles, prostration. Lesions: urinary and gastro-intestinal congestion, ecchymosis. Treatment: emesis with ipecacuan, demulcents, avoidance of oils, alcohol and chloroform. Other vesicant beetles and larva. Spanish flies have a primary physiological action on the genito-urinary organs, but when introduced by the stomach they prove direct and violent irritants to the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. They cause redness of the buccal mucous membrane, difficulty of swallowing, retching, emesis in vomiting animals, diarrhœa with mucus and bloody fæces, diuresis or enuresis with albuminous urine, retraction of the testicles, prostration, perspiration, paresis and death. _Lesions._ Active gastro-intestinal congestion with ecchymosis, marked congestion of the genito-urinary mucosa especially that of the bladder. _Treatment._ Emesis with ipecacuan and tepid water, followed by abundant mucilaginous or albuminous liquids. Flaxseed tea, gum arabic, and white of eggs are useful. Avoid oils, alcohol and chloroform which dissolve the cantharides. Among other insects which act as vesicants may be named the =cockroach= (blatta orientalis) and the =potato beetle= (cantharis vitatta), also the _cantharis cinerea_, _cantharis marginata_, _cantharis atrata_, and _cantharis nuttalli_. The larvæ of various lepidoptera, thus =army worm=, =Cnethocampa primivora=, =Cnethocampa processionea=, =liparis auriflua=, =lithosia crinola=, and the =larvæ= of the =artica cassus ligniperda=, and =pieris brassica= are covered with stinging hairs charged with formic acid and perhaps an enzyme, which are shed with the skin in passing into the state of chrysalis, and getting mixed with fodders produce violent stomatitis, hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis and nephritis. POISONING BY FUNGI, BACTERIA AND THEIR PRODUCTS IN FOOD. Poisons in spoiled food: Moulds, rust, smut, bacteria, toxins. Action of moulds on rabbits, on alimentary and nervous systems. Smuts, ergots and their congeners. Tetanizing and paralyzing products. Duration of symptoms. Food is usually spoiled by the growth of moulds, rust, smut, bacteria and the toxins which they produce.