It is far more likely to be confounded with pneumonia, which it resembles in the hurried, labored breathing, the moans emitted in expiration, in the dullness on percussion over the posterior part of the chest, it may be even forward to the shoulders, and in the cyanotic state of the mucosæ. The distinction is easily made by the absence of hyperthermia, and of crepitation along the margins of the nonresonant areas in the lungs, by the fact that the area of chest dullness covers the whole posterior part of the thorax to a given oblique line, and by the history of the case and the manifest symptoms of overloaded stomach, not with gas but with solids. From gastro-intestinal catarrh it may be distinguished by the more rapid advance of the symptoms and by the absence of the slight fever which characterizes the latter. _Treatment._ Slight cases may be treated by hygienic measures only. Walking the animal uphill, injections of cold water, friction on the left side of the abdomen to rouse the rumen to activity, antiseptics as in tympany to check further fermentation, and stimulants to overcome the nervous and muscular torpor, may be employed separately or conjointly. When it can be availed of, a rubber hose may be wound round the abdomen and a current of cold water forced through it. When further measures are demanded we should evacuate any gas through the probang or a cannula, as in tympany, and thus relieve tension and then resort to stimulants and purgatives. Common salt 1 ℔. is of value in checking fermentation, and may be added to 1 ℔. Glauber salts in four or five quarts of warm water. A drachm of strong aqua ammonia or 2 oz. oil of turpentine and ½ drachm of nux vomica may be added. Bouley advocated tartar emetic (2 to 3 drachms), and Lafosse ipecacuan (1 oz. of the wine) to rouse the walls of the rumen, and more recently pilocarpin (ox 3 grs.), eserine (ox 2 grs.) and barium chloride (ox 15 grs.), have offered themselves for this purpose. The three last have the advantage of adaptability to hypodermic use, and prompt action. The repetition of stimulants and nux vomica may be continued while there appears any prospect of restoring the normal functions of the paunch, and when all other measures fail the only hope lies in rumenotomy.