External symptoms, arched back, stiff gait, straining, tender loins, backing, turning, dropping under weight, urine checked, dribbled; in dogs and cats, palpation of kidney; bladder, urethra, pains in different animals. Internal symptoms, rectal exploration, vaginal, urethral, straining, ureters, bladder, calculi, neoplasms, prostate, urethritis. =External Symptoms.= With inflammatory or painful affections of the urinary organs the animal tends to roach the back or loins, tuck up the abdomen, move the hind limbs stiffly and with a straddling gait, protract and withdraw the penis which may be semi-erect, retract and drop the testicles alternately, and stretch himself and strain to pass urine without success. Lying down and rising may be accomplished with marked effort and groaning. The loins along the spines or beneath the outer ends of the transverse processes may prove tender to tapping or pinching, the animal drooping to excess. Backing or turning in a narrow circle may be accomplished awkwardly and stiffly though usually more easily than with lumbar sprain. The animal drops when mounted but less than with sprained back. Urine may be passed in excess or in diminished amount, or it may be entirely suppressed. It may be abruptly interrupted when in full stream, suggesting calculus or polypus, or it may be passed often in mere dribblets, or finally it may ooze away constantly partly lodging in the sheath and partly trickling down the thighs. In dogs or cats with flaccid walls of the abdomen external manipulation may detect in the kidneys, differences in size, position, and tenderness as well as the presence of tumors. The distended bladder also may be distinctly felt, and the pyriform area of flatness on percussion will serve to map out its size and outline. In the horse the urethra is superficial and easily traced over the ischiatic arch and for some distance downward, when it becomes deeper and is less easily felt. In the bull the urethra is deep over the ischiatic arch but becomes more superficial lower down and can be easily felt at the sigmoid flexure and below. In sheep and dog it is easily followed from the ischium to the end of the penis. As a rule the penis is easily drawn from its sheath in the horse and dog; this is more difficult in the sheep and goat and still more so in the bull and boar. In the small animal protrusion is favored by setting him on his rump, with his back between the operator’s legs, and the pelvis doubled forward toward the sternum. The penis of the bull may be extended in presence of a cow in heat, and promptly seized, or it may be seized through the sheath back of its first bulging part and skillfully worked out. In the ruminant, calculi may be felt at the sigmoid curve, and in the ram, in the vermiform appendix at the fore end of the penis.