Animals affected. Causes: hyperæmia, traumas, cold, chill, fever, bacteria, toxins, overfeeding, nitrogenous food, raw potatoes, xanthin products, acrid diuretics, diuretic insects, suppression of micturition, skin lesions, burns, embolism, calculus. Symptoms: colic, trembling, rigor, arched, stiff, tender loins, stiffness in quarters, drags hind legs, urination frequent, movements of penis and testicle, costiveness, grinding teeth, anorexia, vomiting (in dogs, cats and pigs), fever, dropsies, uræmic convulsions, urine scanty, high colored, red or bloody, thin, cloudy or turbid, albuminous, purulent, oxalates, urates, hippurates, hæmatoidin, epithelium, mucus, casts. Prognosis: resolution in three days, or uræmia, suppuration, degenerations. Lesions: kidney enlarged, softened, friable, red, yellow, black, purulent, glomerulitis, tubular nephritis, interstitial nephritis. Treatment: rest, warm building, warm clothing, green or sloppy, amylaceous food, bleeding, cupping, skin friction, fomentations, warm bath, hot air bath, sinapisms, anodynes, laxatives, diaphoretics, heart tonics, alkaline diuretics, paracentesis, bitters, iron, phosphates, hydrogen peroxide, cubebs, etc. _Genera affected._ This has been seen in horse, ox, dog, sheep and pig. _Causes._ It is ascribed to the most varied causes, such as: hyperæmia, blows and injuries on the back and loins, sprains of the loins, abrupt wheeling when in galop, exposure to cold winds, and storms, especially when perspiring and fatigued, sudden suppression of perspiration, extreme terror, bacterial infection and infection by toxins (in septicæmia, pyæmia, influenza, contagious pneumonia, uterine sepsis, omphalitis, infectious angina (Friedberger), bronchitis (Siedamgrotzky), glanders, tuberculosis). Among dietary causes are named: a rich nitrogenous food (grains, beans, peas, vetches, cotton seed, clover), raw potatoes in excess, cotton seed meal, agents that increase the nitrogenous and xanthin bodies in the urine. Dr. Alfred C. Croftan, in his experiments with xanthin bodies on rabbits, found that xanthin and hypoxanthin produced great increase of arterial pressure, atheromatous changes in the vessel walls consisting in thickening of the intima, with small celled infiltration and necrotic changes in different areas of the vessel walls. This in the kidney produces the primary interstitial form of nephritis known as gouty kidney and associated with retention of uric acid and other xanthin bodies. The accompanying cardiac hypertrophy, so common with such kidneys, he attributes to the increased intravascular pressure.