_Treatment._ In the treatment of cases of this kind the general principles of therapeutics for nephritis are about all that can be attempted in the lower animals. Fomentations over the loins are especially desirable as a means of relieving the suffering, and moderating inflammatory action. To the same end is the allowance of plenty of pure water as a diluent. Then the various agents that antagonize suppuration may be thought of, and some one selected for use. Beside the antisuppurants already mentioned one may use copiaba, cubebs, or turpentine in small doses, salicylates, or the sulphide or sulphite of calcium. Surgical interference by puncture or incision and antiseptic irrigation can only be thought of when the abscess is single and circumscribed; never when the whole periphery of the organ is involved. In the latter case the only rational surgery would be the desperate resort of the removal of the entire kidney. PYELITIS. PYELONEPHRITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE RENAL PELVIS. Definition. Causes: primary from vegetable irritants in food, toxins, cryptogams, pelvic calculus, strongylus gigas; secondary from renal calculus, parasite, tubular urethral or vesical infection, infecting deposits, metastasis. Symptoms: as in nephritis, pus, blood, or albumen in urine, tender, arched loins, purulent polyuria, with spheroidal epithelium. Diagnosis. Lesions: inflammation, calculus, etc., in pelvis. Treatment: pure water, sodium bicarbonate, antiseptics, balsams, fomentations, piperazin, extraction of calculus. Suppurative inflammation of the mucosa lining the renal pelvis may occur in the acute or chronic form. _Causes._ It may be either primary or secondary. As a =primary= disease it may be the result of poisoning by irritant diuretics such as cantharides, turpentine, colchicum or balsams, or shoots of the coniferæ, it may be due to the passage of the irritant products of cryptogams found in musty fodder or grain, or it may come from the irritation caused by the toxins of bacteria developed in the system or in food or drink. Cases that develop from the irritation of a pelvic calculus or precipitate, and from the presence of the strongylus gigas (in dogs) may also be placed in this class.