Cases destroyed as eating their heads off. Causes: sequel of acute nephritis, swill, lead, experimentally, microbian invasions, toxins, metastatic embolism, extension from aortic disease, sclerostoma, nitrogenous overfeeding, toxins of putrid food, or cryptogams, valvular disease of the right heart, rheumatism, heaves, calculus, starvation, debility, retention of urine. Symptoms: emaciation, flabby muscles, lack of vigor, stiff loins and quarters, short step, straddling, fatigue under slight exertion, groaning in trot, or in turning, droops when mounted, slow to rise on hind limbs, poor capricious appetite, anæmia, stocked legs, dropsies, urine of lower density, albuminous, with granular epithelium and casts, abundant in early stages, scanty with weakened heart and degenerated kidneys. Secondary palpitations, bronchial catarrh, pneumonia, hemorrhage, stupor, lethargy, vertigo, etc. Lesions: recent cases, kidney large, cortex firm, capsule adherent, with granular fatty debris, and tubular casts; old cases, kidney contracted, fibroid, glomeruli and tubules atrophied. Bronchitis, pneumonia, hepatic cirrhosis, heart enlarged, fatty, dilated, insufficient valves. Prognosis unfavorable. Treatment: gentle exercise, warmth, succulent food, amylaceous, tonics, iron, bitters, mineral acids, heart tonics, for polyuria bromides or iodides, balsams, pilocarpin, fomentations or sinapisms to loins. Chronic nephritis has received little attention in the lower animals for various reasons. The lower animals largely escape the causative factors of alcoholism and chronic lead and copper poisoning, and when suffering from any chronic affection that disqualifies the animal for use and renders it anæmic and emaciated it is naturally sacrificed to save the cost of maintenance. In spite of this a considerable number of cases have been recorded in horses, and cattle and especially in dogs and cats. _Causes._ Cases of acute nephritis sometimes improve and give promise of recovery without completing the work of convalescence. Trasbot notes such cases in the dog, and Dickinson in the ox. Alcoholic nephritis and degenerations are to be sought for especially in cattle kept on distillery and brewery dregs. Lead taken in small quantities in soft water that has run through lead pipes or stood in leaden cisterns produces in cows and other animals chronic affections of the kidney. Ellenberger and Hofmeister have produced the disease experimentally with lead and copper respectively.