_Symptoms._ Premonitory indications of apoplexy are less commonly recognized in the lower animals than in man, doubtless largely because of the impossibility of appreciating subjective symptoms. The first observed indications are usually dullness, some lack of coördination of movement, swaying, unsteady gait, trembling and a tendency to deviate to one side or to move in a circle. In the majority of cases, however, the first symptoms noticed are a complete loss of consciousness or nearly so, a sudden fall and often more or less convulsive movements of the limbs aggravated by any excitement. The eyes remain dilated, the pupils enlarged or sometimes contracted, and in case of unilateral effusion the axis of vision of both eyes is turned to the affected side, right or left. The pupil of one eye is likely to be more widely dilated than that of the other. Rolling of the eyeballs is not uncommon. Convulsions may occur, the head and hind limbs being drawn back forcibly as in oposthotonos, or the animal may lie flaccid and comatose from the first. The nasal, buccal and orbital mucous membranes are usually congested, deep red or livid, yet sometimes they are anæmic and pale (Shock). The breathing is usually characteristic, being deep, slow, labored, irregular and stertorous and accompanied by puffing out of the cheeks at each expiration (except in solipeds). Yet there are cases in which stertor is absent. The pulse is usually slow, full and soft, and, in the carotids, throbbing, but it may be weak and imperceptible. There may be complete unconsciousness, and again from the first, or nearly so, there may be a slight response to a stimulus, which cannot be referred altogether to reflex action. In vomiting animals, emesis may ensue. Stupor and coma are more or less marked, though liable to intermissions under any cause of irritation. Along with the above symptoms the spasms and sequent paralysis, are significant. If confined to given muscles or groups of muscles (monoplegia) it usually implies pressure on some special cortical convolutions presiding over these muscles, and convulsions are to be expected. If there is hemiplegia it is suggestive of implication of the medulla or pons on the opposite side, or of a clot on the corpus striatum or extensively on one side of the cerebrum. A clot in the lateral ventricle tends to profound coma. So liable, however, is pressure to be extended from one side of the brain to the other, and irritation on the one side to rouse a corresponding condition on the opposite side, or in related ganglia, that deductions of this kind cannot always be implicitly relied on. Though an animal should recover from an attack there is liable to remain some modification of the nervous functions, partial anæsthesia, circumscribed paresis, dullness, lack of energy, irritability, or muscular atrophy.