_Symptoms._ The symptoms of uncomplicated meningitis on the one hand and encephalitis on the other are rarely seen, the disease usually implicating more or less both brain and meninges, in a common inflammation or the symptoms of the one involving those of the other through proximity or interdependence of function. And yet in traumatic lesions of the cranial walls, the symptoms may be those of pure meningitis, and in thrombosis, embolism or parasitism of the brain, and in certain tumors they may be those of simple encephalitis. The distinction consists largely in the predominance of fever, hyperæsthesia, active delirium and convulsions in _meningitis_, and especially in its earlier stages; and the prominence of dullness, stupor, somnolence, muscular weakness, paralysis, anæsthesia, coma, and the clouding of special senses, with much less pronounced febrile reaction, or vascular excitement in _encephalitis._ There is usually, however, a mixing of symptoms so that the benumbing or paralysis of the nervous functions alternates with periods of their exaltation, and with both conditions hyperthermia exists, though usually higher with meningitis. The manifestations of benumbing or paresis may be continuous or interrupted, and are exhibited in stupor, coma, somnolence, lethargy, paresis or paralysis. The manifestations of excitement are not continuous but occur in paroxysms or at least exacerbations, which may show in visual or mental illusions, active, violent delirium, trembling, rigors, clonic or tonic spasms. The onset is usually abrupt, the animal passing in a few hours from apparent health, to pronounced nervous disorder. The horse seems drowsy and stupid, standing with semi-closed eyes, often drooping lower lip and ears, head pendent and resting in the manger or against the wall in front, the back arched and the limbs drawn together. When moved, it walks unsteadily and often the limbs are left out of plumb, one extending unduly forward, backward or to one side, and often crossing over its fellow. Some cannot be made to back, others back spontaneously hanging on the halter. Turning short in a circle is difficult or impossible and tends to throw the patient down. Yet some exceptional cases will turn around spontaneously to the right or left, and an animal tied to a post goes around it at the end of its halter in its effort to pass straight forward. The circling movement may be due to the irritation on the one side of the brain or to irritation of particular ganglia and nervous tracts as noticed under cerebral hyperæmia.