We have been dealing hitherto with matters that must be regarded as
acquired scientific results—not that they will never be found to need
improvement, but that further progress must be built upon them, as
Einstein is built upon Newton. Science does not aim at establishing
immutable truths and eternal dogmas: its aim is to approach truth by
successive approximations, without claiming that at any stage final and
complete accuracy has been achieved. There is a difference, however,
between results which are pretty certainly in the line of advance, and
speculations which may or may not prove to be well founded. Some very
interesting speculations are connected with the theory of relativity,
and we shall consider certain of them. But it must not be supposed that
we are dealing with theories having the same solidity as those with
which we have been concerned hitherto.
One of the most fascinating of the speculations to which I have been
alluding is the suggestion that the universe may be of finite extent.
Two somewhat different finite universes have been constructed, one by
Einstein, the other by De Sitter. Before considering their differences,
we will discuss what they have in common.
There are, to begin with, certain reasons for thinking that the total
amount of matter in the universe is limited. If this were not the
case, the gravitational effects of enormously distant matter would
make the kind of world in which we live impossible. We must therefore
suppose that there is some definite number of electrons and protons in
the world: theoretically, a complete census would be possible. These
are all contained within a certain finite region; whatever space lies
outside that region is, so to speak, waste, like unfurnished rooms in a
house too large for its inhabitants. This seems futile, but in former
days no one knew of any alternative possibility. It was obviously
impossible to conceive of an edge to space, and therefore, it was
thought, space must be infinite.
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