_The appearance of tonic constrictions._--It has already been noted that as the food accumulates in the ascending colon it is at first confined to this region by antiperistaltic waves. With further accessions, however, the contents naturally must be pressed more and more into the transverse and descending colon. In the early stages of this accumulation, while the food lies chiefly in the ascending colon, the only activity of the muscular walls is the antiperistalsis. As the contents extend along the intestine a deep constriction appears near the advancing end and nearly separates a globular mass from the main body of the food (Fig. 6). The contents of the large intestine progress farther and farther from the cæcum; meanwhile new tonic constrictions appear which separate the contents into a series of globular masses. And as the number of these divisions increases they take a position farther from the cæcum, so that they are present chiefly in the descending colon (Fig. 7). Raiser has recorded a similar appearance in the terminal portion of the rabbit’s colon, in which deep circular constrictions separate the scybalous masses. He maintains that these masses are pushed onward by the constrictions. Comparing tracings made at rather long intervals (forty-five minutes), I found that the rings disappear from the transverse colon, and then are present with the waste material in the descending colon. Thus in the cat also these rings, which seem with short observation to be remaining in one position, are in reality moving slowly away from the cæcum, pushing the hardening contents before them. The contents at this stage are no longer fluid, and consequently they must offer considerable resistance to a force pushing them through the colon. It is an advantage to have this pultaceous substance propelled in divisions rather than in a uniformly cylindrical mass, since the fibres along the length of the mass are thereby rendered effective. Such are the functions of the persistent rings; they form the waste matter into globular masses at the end of the transverse colon and slowly push these masses onward. [Illustration: FIGURE 7.--Radiograph showing the region of tonic constrictions (descending colon) and the region of antiperistalsis (transverse and ascending colon).]