In the case of Dunfermline, the Westminster Abbey of Scotland, the most ancient, and consequently the most interesting part of the building has survived the onward tread of many centuries, and though now only in the form of a vestibule to the modern church, was once the nave of the minster founded here in the 11th century. Its architectural features somewhat resemble those of Durham and Lindisfarne with their stern Norman characteristics. It is of eight bays with massive pillars (20 feet high by 13 feet 6 inches in circumference), some of which are spirally channelled, while two have chevron mouldings, it has also a very rich Norman north door, some Early English windows in the aisles, and a triforium and clerestory composed of round headed arches. The nave was the first piece of Norman work in Scotland, and from the 16th to the 19th century was used as the parish church of the district. The sound of an organ was heard for the first time in Scotland within its walls. The west front (Decorated) has a fine recessed portal with a four light window with Geometrical tracery above. The western towers and north west porch are also of the Decorated period, while the presbytery is entirely Early English work. An interesting feature of the newly erected modern Gothic church is the balustrade on the tower which covers the site of Bruce’s grave (discovered during the recent rebuilding of the church), and has terminals in shape of letters reading “King Robert the Bruce,” “a modern apotheosis of the murderer of Comyn by men who cannot tolerate the Cross, the symbol of salvation.” Of the other buildings, only the south wall and west gable of the refectory, the gate-way with the “pended” tower, and some portions of the abbot’s lodge remain. Beneath the refectory are twenty-six cells. The ancient mitred abbey measured 276 feet by 66 feet, was cruciform and of mixed architectural periods. For many centuries Dunfermline was the frequent residence of Scottish monarchs, and for more than two centuries the kings were buried within its walls; notably the royal Founder, King Edgar, Alexander I., Alexander III., David I. and Malcolm IV. The monks had great influence in the neighbourhood and the monastery was richly endowed. Dunfermline, the “City of Fife,” stands on a long swelling ridge above the Forth, and, viewed from the south with its background of Cleish hills, presents a most striking aspect. INDEX Aben, a fugitive, 84 Aberac, Celtic name of York, 34 Adam, abbot of Meaux, 61 Adams, abbot of Valle Crucis, 167 Adeliza, Queen, 83 Adrian IV., Pope, 161 Ældred, abbot of Rievaulx, 49 Agatha, St, 50, 52 Aidan, St, 5, 17, 18, 187 Aifwardus, abbot of Evesham, 147 Ailesbury, Earls of, 44, 45 Aislabie, William, 63 Alban, St, British martyr, 2, 27, 161, 162, 163, 164 Albert, archbishop of York, 36 Albini, Gundreda de, 42, 43 Alcuin, schoolman of York, 34 Aldhelm, St, 7, 88, 89, 124 Aldwius, bishop of East Anglia, 112