The territory of the northern Miwok, from the ecological standpoint resembles closely that of the central Miwok. Hence stream mileage and area comparisons are justified. If we use the boundaries of the two groups substantially as given by Kroeber in the Handbook (map, opp. p. 446) and plot rivers and areas on a large-scale map, the equivalent aboriginal population for the northern Miwok by stream mileage and area is 2,480 and 1,535, respectively. The discrepancy in the two estimates is due to the greater frequency of streams and creeks in the northern area. The average of the population calculated by the two methods is 2,008, very close to that found for the central Miwok. The total for the foothill strip is then 4,138 or in round numbers 4,150. MIWOK FOOTHILL AREA ... 4,150 _____________________________ FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 5: There are numerous other letters pertaining to this matter in the same volume of the Provincial State Papers.] SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS From the data presented in detail in the last section we may now derive the aboriginal population of the San Joaquin Valley as a whole. Region Population ______ __________ Tulare Lake Basin 6,500 Kaweah River 7,600 Merced River 3,500 Kings River 9,100 Mariposa, Fresno, Chowchilla, upper San Joaquin 19,000 Southern San Joaquin Valley 6,900 Northern San Joaquin Valley Delta area 9,350 Lower Cosumnes 5,200 Lower Mokelumne 5,720 Lower San Joaquin, Calaveras, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus 6,800 27,070 _______ Foothill strip (central and northern Miwok) 4,150 _______ Total 83,820 The total, 83,820, is more than four times as large as the population estimated to be surviving in 1850 (19,000) and much exceeds any previous estimate advanced by modern students of the California Indians.