This measure was passed by the volksraad after a good deal of opposition by the more conservative members. It has been condemned as clumsy and inadequate; but it is worth while to weigh Mr. Kruger’s own words explanatory of his purpose in it. “I intend this second volksraad,” he said, “to act as a bridge. I want my burghers to see that the new population may safely be trusted to take part in the government of the country. When they see that this is done, and that no harm happens, then the two volksraads may come together again, and the distinction between the old and the new population can be obliterated.” It should be remembered, however, that the two years’ franchise gave the citizen no vote in the election of the president and the executive council—for that privilege he had to fill out the additional five years’ probation—and that no naturalized burgher could become a member of the first volksraad. Discontent continued to spread among the new industrial population, who complained bitterly of exclusion from important political rights, and of grievances which they and the mining industry suffered under the existing laws and administration. As a means of redress a reform association was formed in 1893. It is necessary to a correct judgment of the situation at this time to consider the statements of both sides as to the causes of complaint. According to Canon Little, who cannot be accused of favoring the Africanders— “The grievances of the Uitlanders were these: “1. That the customs tariff was excessive, making food shamefully dear, and that the charges for railway freights were unduly heavy. “2. That the duties on machinery and chemicals were extortionate. “3. That these and the dynamite monopoly made the expense of all mining operations excessive. “4. The extreme unfairness as to the vexatious laws touching on education and the use of language.” Over against these allegations are the statements of Mr. F. Reginald Statham in his “South Africa as It Is.” Mr. Statham writes from the Africander viewpoint, but gives some guaranty of sincerity and of confidence in his own averments by an appeal to figures—which can always be verified. Speaking in a general way of the conditions prevailing at this period, he says: