Newman's education was private till he went to Oxford, where, in 1822, he won a fellowship at Oriel, then the great intellectual college of the university. He was at this time a Calvinist in his religious views, and held, among other things, that the Pope was Antichrist. At Oxford he came under the influence of Whately, who, he says, taught him to think. But the two men were essentially antipathetic and foredoomed to part, not the best of friends. Newman drew gradually closer to men of a very different stamp--R. J. Wilberforce, Hurrell Froude and Keble. His _Arians of the Fourth Century_ was finished in 1832, and he took rest after the fatigue of writing it in a memorable journey with Hurrell Froude in the Mediterranean. During this journey he composed most of his verses printed in the _Lyra Apostolica_, and towards the end of it the exquisite hymn, 'Lead, kindly light.' After his return, in 1833, Newman began, 'out of his own head,' the _Tracts for the Times_. They culminated in the celebrated _Tract XC_ (1841), which raised such a storm of opposition that the series had to be closed. Contemporaneously with the _Tracts_, Newman was busied with other works in defence of the _Via Media_. To this class belong _The Prophetical Office of the Church_ (1837) and the _Lectures on Justification_ (1838). He was moreover building up a great reputation as a preacher; and, as if all this was not enough, he was for several years editor of _The British Critic_. The storm raised by his opinions, and especially by _Tract XC_, drove him into retirement at Littlemore in 1841. He called it his Torres Vedras, in the conviction that he, like Wellington, was destined to 'issue forth anew,' and to conquer. But the actual course was different. In 1843 he retracted his former strictures on Rome, and resigned his charge of St. Mary's. For two years more he lingered in the Church of England, foreseeing the inevitable end, but slow to take a step of such importance without absolute assurance. In 1845 he was received into the Roman communion. Here the history of his spiritual development may be said to close. 'It was,' he says, 'like coming into port after a rough sea.' He repudiates the idea that his mind was afterwards idle; but there was no change, no anxiety, no doubt. He seems to be unconscious that this individual peace may be dear bought for the human race, and that the absence of doubt is, to use his own favourite word, the 'note' of a low type. Among the voluminous works of Newman, in addition to those of his Anglican period already mentioned, the most important are _The Development of Christian Doctrine_ (1845), the _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ (1864), _The Dream of Gerontius_ (1865), and the _Grammar of Assent_ (1870).