Both Jowett and Pattison were writers in the celebrated volume entitled _Essays and Reviews_ (1860). This was a collection of seven papers on theological subjects, united only by a common liberalism of view. Few books, in the main so harmless, have caused such a commotion. The volume is valuable chiefly as a landmark. Some of the opinions would still be considered heterodox, but they would be received now, if not with satisfaction, at least with calmness. At that time however people were sensitive on the point of orthodoxy. Darwin had just been promulgating an obnoxious doctrine, and it seemed hard that the faith, in danger from without, should be assailed also from within; for six of the seven essayists were clergymen. Legal proceedings were taken against two of them, but they only let off harmlessly humours which, if suppressed, might have been dangerous. It was with respect to the Gorham controversy, ten years earlier, that a Frenchman 'congratulated Stanley on the fact that the English revolution had taken the shape of "_le père_ Gorham."' The truth underlying this remark applies to other things besides the Gorham case. In 1862 the excitement was renewed by the publication of Colenso's book on the Pentateuch. It seems arid now, for there is nothing attractive in the application of arithmetical formulas to Noah's Ark; but it was just the kind of argument needed for the time and for the audience addressed. It is commonly objected that criticisms of the Bible are a wanton unsettlement of the faith of simple folk. One striking fact will demonstrate the need of some liberalising work. In 1864 the Oxford Declaration on Inspiration and Eternal Punishment was signed by 11,000 clergy; and according to Bishop Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, the effect of this declaration was that 'all questions of physical science should be referred to the written words of Holy Scripture.' [Sidenote: John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).]