The latter kind is seen as far south as Onitsha, on the east bank of the Niger. [Illustration: DWARF CATTLE, ILLARA. Fig. 25, p. 119.] [Illustration: OWO. Fig. 26, p. 119.] [Illustration: HAUSSA CULTIVATING IMPLEMENTS (LEFT TO RIGHT: I. FATAINYA, II. GARMA, III. SANGUMI), NORTHERN PROVINCES. Fig. 27, p. 125.] =POTTERY.=—Earthen pots are made in several parts of the country, and are usually symmetrically formed, although no wheel is used in their preparation. The large earthen jars made at Abeokuta are used in the palm oil, native beer, and indigo industries. =FOREST RESERVES.=—These are now being formed everywhere in order to replace the destruction of recent years. The irregular rainfall renders natural regeneration very poor, and artificial regeneration by means of planting by leaseholders for trees cut down has proved unsatisfactory. In 1913 some villages in the Central Province started small mahogany plantations, and trees for fuel are now being grown in several districts. The value of such trees as _Afzelia africana_ and _Triplochiton johnsoni_ has been recently demonstrated. [Illustration: =NIGERIA=, NORTHERN PROVINCES Territory held by Great Britain under Mandate is hatched in Red. [Legend] _Stanford’s Geogl. Estabt., London._] =NIGERIA-NORTHERN PROVINCES= =INTRODUCTORY REMARKS=—Until 1914 the Northern Provinces of Nigeria were separately administered under the designation of Northern Nigeria, and were the largest as well as the most recent of our West African Colonies. They lie between 7° 3′ and 13° 54′ north latitude, and 2° 50′ and 14° 5′ east longitude, and are bounded on the north by the French Sudan, on the east by the Kameruns and on the west by Dahomey and French Guinea. The Southern Provinces of Nigeria almost completely adjoin the southern boundary. The estimate of the populations and areas of the thirteen provinces given below is taken from the Colonial Office Report No. 821 for 1913:— Area, sq. miles. Population. Sokoto 32,600 1,300,000 Kano 29,500 3,500,000 Bornu 33,600 700,000 Central[5] 23,700 700,000 Zaria 13,320 402,000 Niger[5] 16,770 400,000 Kontagora 27,800 122,000 Ilorin 6,500 200,000 Muri 28,700 700,000 Nassarawa 16,710 600,000 Yola 11,600 300,000 Kabba 8,200 140,000 Bassa 6,700 205,000 ------- --------- 255,700 9,269,000 The total population is thus nearly double that of the estimation of 1907-8. For convenience the Northern Provinces may in places still be referred to in this work by the old title of Northern Nigeria.