_Ababas_, in Bolivia. _Amazonas_, on lower Amazon. _Anambes_, on Rio Tocantins. _Apiacas_, near Rio Arinos and upper Tapajoz. _Araguagus_, on lower Paru. _Bororos_, near Rio Paraguay. _Camaguras_, in province Matogrosso. _Cambevas_, see _Omaguas_. _Cambocas_, mouth of Rio Tocantin. _Caracatas_, on upper Uruguay and Parana. _Cayovas_, on Rio Tapajoz. _Chaneses_, in Bolivia. _Chiriguanos_, in Bolivia. _Chogurus_, on Rio Pajehu. _Cocamas_, near Rio Nauta (upper Amazon) and Rio Ucayali. _Cocamillas_, near the Cocamas. _Cuchiuaras_, on Rio Tocantins. _Guaranis_, in Uruguay. _Guarayos_, in Bolivia. _Guayanas_, in Uruguay. _Gujajaras_, on Rio Maranhao. _Jacundas_, on Rio Tocantins. _Jamudas_, in province Pará. _Maues_, on the Amazon. _Mbeguas_, on Rio Parana. _Manitsauas_, on upper Schingu. _Mitandues_, near Rio Tapajoz. _Mundurucus_, on Rio Tapajoz. _Muras_, on Rio Madeira. _Omaguas_, on lower Iça. _Oyampis_, on upper Oyapok. _Pacajas_, on lower Amazon. _Parentintims_, in province Amazonas. _Paris_, see _Mundurucus_. _Piturunas_, on Rio Curitiba. _Sirionos_, on Rio Paray, Bolivia. _Tamoyos_, near San Vincente, Brazil (extinct). _Tapaunas_, on Rio Tocantins. _Tapirapes_, in province Goyaz. _Tapes_, on Rio Uruguay. _Turas_, on lower Rio Madeira. _Uyapas_, on Rio Arinos. _Yurunas_, on Rio Schingu, from 4° to 8°. _2. The Tapuyas._ The _Tapuya_ stock is at once the most ancient and the most extensive now living on the soil of Brazil. Its various tribes are found from s. lat. 5° to s. lat. 20°, and from the Atlantic to the Schingu river. The name _Tapuya_ was applied to them by the Tupis, and means “enemies” or “strangers”--two ideas which are always synonymous in primitive life. They are also called _Crens_ or _Guerens_, the Old Ones or Ancient People. This seems to have reference to their possession of the coast before the arrival of the Tupi hordes from the south. By some writers they are believed to have been the earliest constructors of the _sambaquis_, the shell-heaps or kitchen-middens, which are of great size and numerous, along the Atlantic and its bays. These are supposed to indicate an antiquity of 2,000 years;[348] but the Tapuyas can lay claim to a title to their land far older than that. The skulls and human bones which were discovered by Dr. Lund in the caves of Lagoa Santa in immediate juxtaposition to those of animals now extinct, came from a region occupied by the Tapuyas, and are in all respects parallel to those of the tribe to-day. This would assign them a residence on the spot far back in the present geologic period.