The culture of the Arawak stock was generally somewhat above the stage of savagery. On the West Indian islands Columbus found them cultivating maize, potatoes, manioc, yams and cotton. They were the first to introduce to Europeans the wondrous art of tobacco smoking. They wove cotton into garments, and were skilful in polishing stone. They hammered the native gold into ornaments, carved curious masks of wood, blocked rude idols out of large stones, and hollowed the trunks of trees to construct what they called _canoes_. Such is approximately the culture of the existing tribes of the stock. The Arawaks of Guiana also raise cassava and maize, though they depend largely on hunting and fishing. Like the northern tribes, they have well-developed gentile or totemic systems, with descent in the female line.[371] Marriages are by purchase, and the strange custom of the _couvade_ obtains; that is, at the period of parturition the husband takes to his hammock, and is waited on as if he was the sick one. Their houses are usually single, not communal, and are furnished with swinging hammocks, mats, basket-work and pottery. The Haytian mythology was quite extensive, and the legends of the Arawaks of Guiana have been collected, and are also rich. In all the tribes the dead were generally buried, and often the house of the deceased was destroyed or the spot deserted. ARAWAK LINGUISTIC STOCK. _Amarapas_, in British Guiana. _Antis_ or _Campas_, on Rio Apurimac. _Araicus_, on Rio Jatahy. _Arawaks_, on coast of Guiana. _Atorais_, on the upper Essequibo. _Banivas_, on Rio Atahuapo and Rio Içauna. _Barés_, on Rio Negro. _Baures_, on Rio de los Baures. _Campas_, see _Antis_. _Canamirim_, on Rio Jurua. _Cariayos_, on Rio Negro. _Cauixanas_, on Rio Jupura. _Chontaquiros_, see _Piros_. _Goajiros_, on Goajira peninsula. _Guanas_, on Rio Paraguay. _Guinaus_, on upper Orinoco. _Haitians_, on island of Hayti. _Jabaanas_, on Rio Marauia. _Jucunas_, on Rio Jupura. _Jumanas_, near Rio Jupura. _Juris_, on Rio Solimoes. _Kustenaus_, on Rio Schingu. _Manaos_, near Rio Negro. _Manatenerys_, on Rio Purus. _Manivas_, see _Banivas_. _Maipures_, on Rios Ventuari and Orinoco. _Maranhos_, on Rio Jatahy. _Mariates_, on Rio Iza. _Mawakwas_, on upper Orinoco. _Moxos_, on head-waters of Rio Mamore. _Paiconecas_, on Rio Blanco. _Pareni_, on Rio Orinoco. _Parisis_, in province Mato Grosso. _Passés_, on lower Jupura. _Piapocos_, on Rio Guaviare. _Piros_, on Rio Ucayali. _Saravecas_, near Santa Ana, Bolivia. _Simirenchis_, see _Piros_. _Tainos_, see _Haitians_. _Tarianas_, on Rio Negro. _Tarumas_, in British and Dutch Guiana. _Uainambeus_, on Rio Jupura. _Uainumas_, on Rio Jupura. _Uirinas_, on Rio Marari. _Wapisianas_, in Guiana. _West Indians_, on Bahamas and Antilles. _Yuris_, see _Juris_.