_Achuales_. _Agapicos_. _Aicores_. _Andoas_. _Anguteris_. _Antires_. _Araros_, or _Arazos_. _Ayacares_. _Bobonazos_. _Cahuaches_. _Chudavinos_. _Churitunas_. _Comacoris_. _Conejoris_. _Copatasas_. _Curyies_. _Curarayes_. _Custimanos_. _Cutinanas_. _Encabellados_. _Eriteynes_. _Frascavinos_. _Gaes_. _Ginoris_. _Gualaquizas_. _Guazacas_. _Himuetacas_. _Huasimoas_. _Ibanomas_. _Incuris_. _Itremajoris_. _Macavinas_. _Mautas_. _Moronas_. _Mueganos_. _Muratos_. _Napotoas_. _Neocoyos_. _Nepas_. _Nerecamues_. _Nushinis_. _Oas_. _Panajoris_. _Paranapuras_. _Pastazas_. _Pavos_. _Pindis_. _Putumayos_. _Quirivinas_. _Rotunos_. _Semigaes_. _Shiripunas_. _Tabalosos_. _Tiputinis_. _Tivilos_. _Tremajoris_. _Yasunis_. _Yegueyos_. _Yetes_. _Zamoros_. _Zapaos_. On the mountain slope of the Cordillera, north of the Zaparos and east of the Cañaris, are the _Jivaros_ (Givaros, Xivaros), a wild, warlike tribe, never subjugated either by the Kechuas or the Spaniards. Their homes are about the head-waters of the rivers Pastaza, Santiago, and other affluents of the Marañon. They are rather tall, of light color, with thin lips, aquiline noses, straight eyes, prognathic jaws, hair black or with a reddish tinge. Some say their various bands number as many as four hundred, named from the streams on which they live. Most of them depend upon hunting and fishing, others pursue agriculture and breed pigs. Their weapons are the sarbacane, the lance, the bow and the shield. They have developed a system of sound-signalling or telegraphy by means of large wooden drums placed at certain distances apart, by beating on which in a peculiar manner the advent of an enemy, his number and direction, can be heralded over hundreds of square miles in a few hours. The Jivaros are celebrated for the preparation of human heads by a process of boiling and drying so as to preserve the hair and soft parts. Many of these trophy heads have been brought to Europe, and their purpose has led to some discussion. It appears that they are prepared both as trophies of victory and out of reverence to departed chiefs.[435] Their houses are built solidly of wood, with wooden doors. They sleep upon wooden frames, and construct tools of the same material.[436] The principal event in their history was their revolt against the Spanish authorities in the year 1599. They destroyed many settlements and the entire city of Logroño, carrying the women into captivity. Many of them had already been converted to Christianity, and their rites are said still to preserve some reminiscences of such teachings. In recent years many of them have been civilized through the efforts of Italian missionaries.