[304] An island near Cadiz, now called Leon. Cf. Hesiod (_Theogonia_, 287-294); _Herodotus_, iv. 8. [305] Now called Arta. [306] Arrian omits to mention that the Tyrians pointed out to him that his wish to sacrifice to Hercules might be gratified without entering their city, since at Palaetyrus, on the mainland, separated from Tyre only by a narrow strait, was a temple of that deity more ancient than that in Tyre. See _Curtius_, iv. 7; _Justin_, xi. 10. We learn from _Arrian_, i. 18, that when Alexander offered sacrifice to the Ephesian Diana he marched to the temple with his whole army in battle array. No doubt it was this kind of thing the Tyrians objected to. Alexander actually did the same at Tyre after its capture. (See chapter 24.) [307] For this use of ἐνύπνιον, cf. Homer (_Iliad_, ii. 56); Aristophanes (_Wasps_, 1218). [308] Cf. _Arrian_, i. 11 and 25 supra. [309] The island was about half a mile from the mainland, and about a mile in length. [310] We learn from _Diodorus_ (xvii. 40) that the breadth of this mole was about 200 feet. [311] _Curtius_ (iv. 10) says that the timber was procured from Lebanon, and the stones from Old Tyre on the mainland. [312] Cf. _Polyaenus_ (iv. 3). [313] Cf. Cæsar (_Bell. Gall._, vii. 24)—reliquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest, fundebant. Krüger has unnecessarily altered ἐπὶ ταύτῃ into ἐπ’ αὐτήν (_i.e._ πρῷραν). [314] _Curtius_ (iv. 12) says that the stern was loaded with stones and sand. [315] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 42) and _Curtius_ (iv. 12) say that a great tempest helped to demolish the palisade. [316] We learn from Josephus (_Antiquities of the Jews_, ix. 14), on the authority of Menander, that when Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, four centuries before Alexander’s time, besieged Tyre, the other Phoenicians supplied him with ships in like manner. [317] This was a state vessel, or guardship, similar to the _Paralus_ and _Salaminia_ at Athens. See _Alciphron_, Bk. I. Epistle 11, with Bergler’s note. [318] See _Arrian_, ii. 2 supra. [319] _Curtius_ (iv. 11) says that about thirty of the Macedonians collecting timber in Lebanon were killed by a party of wild Arabs, and that a few were also captured by them. _Lebanon_ is a Hebrew word meaning _white_, like _Alpes_. It was so called on account of its white cliffs, just as Britain is called by Aristotle, _Albion_, the Celtic for white. [320] Plutarch (_Life of Alexander_, 24) gives us, on the authority of Chares, some details of daring valour on the part of Alexander in this expedition. [321] Cleander was put to death by Alexander for oppression in exercising his duties as governor of Media. See _Arrian_, vi. 27 infra. [322] In regard to this manœuvre, see _Herodotus_, vi. 12; _Thucydides_, i. 49, with Arnold’s note. [323] συμπεπηγμέναι:—“In the best authors πέπηγα is used as the perf. pass. of πήγνυμι” (_Liddell & Scott_). Cf. v. 12, 4; 24, 4, infra. [324] Cf. Plautus (_Mercator_, iv. 2, 5), _hortator remigum_.