[396] _Curtius_ (iv. 35 and 45) states that Darius had 200,000 infantry, 45,000 cavalry, and 200 scythed chariots; _Diodorus_ (xvii. 53) says, 800,000 infantry, 200,000 cavalry, and 200 scythed chariots; _Justin_ (xi. 12) gives 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse; and Plutarch (_Alex._, 31) speaks of a million of men. For the chariots cf. Xenophon (_Anab._, i. 8, 10); _Livy_, xxxvii. 41. [397] This is the first instance on record of the employment of elephants in battle. [398] This river is now called Ghasir, a tributary of the Great Zab. The village Gaugamela was in the district of Assyria called Aturia, about 69 miles from the city of Arbela, now called Erbil. [399] About 7 miles. [400] Xenophon (_Anab._, iii. 4, 35) explains why this was so. [401] σφεῖς here stands for αὐτοί. [402] See note 252 to ii. 10 supra. [403] These people were a Scythian tribe leading a nomadic life east of the Caspian. They are called Daoi by _Herodotus_, i. 125; Dahae by _Ammianus_, xxii. 8, 21; _Livy_, xxxv. 48; xxxvii. 38; Vergil (_Aeneid_, viii. 728); _Pliny_, vi. 19; _Strabo_, xi. 7. They are mentioned in Ezra iv. 9 as subjects of Persia. The district is now called Daikh. See Fürst’s _Hebrew Lexicon_, sub voce דֶּֽה. [404] A title of honour. Curtius says that they numbered 15,000. [405] Cf. _Herodotus_, vii. 41. [406] This people lived to the south of the Caspian. [407] “Several names of various contingents stated to have been present in the field are not placed in the official return—thus the Sogdiani, the Arians, and the Indian mountaineers are mentioned by _Arrian_ as having joined Darius (iii. 8); the Kossaeans by _Diodorus_ (xvii. 59); the Sogdiani, Massagatae, Belitae, Kossaeans, Gortyae, Phrygians, and Kataonians, by _Curtius_ (iv. 12).”—_Grote_. [408] This distinguished general succeeded Antipater as regent of Macedonia, but was overcome by Cassander, the son of the former, and became subordinate to him. [409] There were thus six taxeis, or brigades of foot Companions, as they were called, in the phalanx of infantry at the battle of Arbela. Arrian’s description of the battle at the Granicus (i. 14) seems to be erroneous in some of the words of the text; yet it may be gathered from it that there were also six taxeis in Alexander’s phalanx on that occasion also. [410] See Arrian’s _Tactics_, 29. [411] Cf. _Diodorus_ (xvii. 57). [412] See Donaldson’s _New Cratylus_, sect. 178. [413] Cf. _Curtius_, iv. 35. “Equitibus equisque tegumenta erant ex ferreis laminis serie inter se connexis.” [414] Compare the uselessness of the Persian scythed chariots at the battle of Cunaxa. See Xenophon (_Anabasis_, i. 8). So also at the battle of Magnesia between Scipio and Antiochus. See _Livy_, xxxvii. 41. [415] πεφρικυῖα, imitated from Homer (_Iliad_, iv. 282). Cf. Vergil (_Aeneid_, x. 178, _horrentibus hastis_); _Livy_, xliv. 41 (_horrendis hastis_).