I hold, therefore, that two simultaneous percepts of one percipient
have the relation of compresence out of which spatio-temporal order
arises. It is almost irresistible to go a step further, and say that
any two simultaneous perceived contents of a mind are compresent, so
that all our conscious mental states are in our heads. I see as little
reason against this extension as against the view that percepts can be
compresent. A percept differs from another mental state, I should say,
only in the nature of its causal relation to an external stimulus. Some
relation of this kind no doubt always exists, but with other mental
states the relation may be more indirect, or may be only to some state
of the body, more particularly the brain. "Unconscious" mental states
will be events compresent with certain other mental states, but not
having those effects which constitute what is called awareness of a
mental state. However, I have no wish to go further into psychology
than is necessary, and I will pursue this topic no longer, but return
to matters of more concern to physics.
The point which concerns the philosophy of matter is that the events
out of which we have been constructing the physical world are very
different from matter as traditionally conceived. Matter was expected
to be impenetrable and indestructible. The matter that we construct is
impenetrable as a result of definition: the matter in a place is all
the events that are there, and consequently no other event or piece
of matter can be there. This is a tautology, not a physical fact; one
might as well argue that London is impenetrable because nobody can
live in it except one of its inhabitants. Indestructibility,[Pg 386] on the
other hand, is an empirical property, believed to be approximately
but not exactly possessed by matter. I mean by indestructibility,
not conservation of mass, which is known to be only approximate, but
conservation of electrons and protons. At present it is not known
whether an electron and a proton sometimes enter into a suicide pact
or not,[75] but there is certainly no known reason why electrons and
protons should be indestructible.
Electrons and protons, however, are not the stuff of the physical
world: they are elaborate logical structures composed of events, and
ultimately of particulars, in the sense of Chapter XXVII. As to what
the events are that compose the physical world, they are, in the first
place, percepts, and then whatever can be inferred from percepts by
the methods considered in Part II. But on various inferential grounds
we are led to the view that a percept in which we cannot perceive
a structure nevertheless often has a structure, i.e. that
the apparently simple is often complex. We cannot therefore treat
the minimum visible as a particular, for both physical and
psychological facts may lead us to attribute a structure to it—not
merely a structure in general, but such and such a structure.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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