Let us take space, time, light and matter as illustrative of the
gradually increasing abstractness of physics. These four notions are
all extracted from common sense. We see objects spread out in space,
we can feel their shapes with our fingers; we know what it is to walk
to a neighbouring town or travel to a neighbouring country. All this
makes "space" seem something familiar and easy, until, in the course of
education, we learn the puzzles to which it has given rise. Time seems
equally obvious: we remember past events in a time-order we notice
day and night, summer and winter, youth and age, we know that history
relates events of previous epochs, we insure our lives in the confident
expectation that we shall die in the future. Light, again, seemed in no
way mysterious to the author of Genesis, as, indeed, how should it to
anyone who had experienced the difference between night and day? Matter
was equally obvious: it was primarily anything that we could touch,
though the first step towards mystification was taken when Empedocles
included air. However, we are conscious of air in the form of wind and
as something that fills our lungs, so that less effort was required to
admit air among the elements than to exclude fire.
From this happy familiarity with the everyday world physics has been
gradually driven by its own triumphs, like a monarch who has grown
too grand to converse with his subjects. The space-time of relativity
is very far removed from the space and time of our unscientific
experience; yet even space-time is nearer to common sense than the
conceptions towards which physics is tending. "Space and time" says
Eddington,[34] "are only approximate conceptions, which must ultimately
give way to a more general conception of the ordering of events in
nature not expressible in terms of a fourfold co-ordinate system. It is
in this direction that some physicists hope to find a solution of the
contradictions of the quantum theory.[Pg 132] It is a fallacy to think that
the conception of location in space-time based on the observation of
large-scale phenomena can be applied unmodified to the happenings which
involve only a small number of quanta. Assuming that this is the right
solution it is useless to look for any means of introducing quantum
phenomena into the later formulæ of our theory; these phenomena have
been excluded at the outset by the adoption of a co-ordinate frame
of reference." But even if space-time, as it appears in the general
theory of relativity, were the last word as regards the physical order
corresponding to our usual notions of space and time, it is evident
that we should have travelled very far from those notions, and have
arrived at a region in which pictorial imagination is useless.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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