The anatomy of the domestic fowlKaupp, B. F. (Benjamin Franklyn)
Science
The anatomy of the domestic fowl
Kaupp, B. F. (Benjamin Franklyn)
Poultry -- Anatomy
The vesicle of the labyrinth swells into four dilatations, of which
three are ampullar and the fourth cochlear. The _ampullar dilatations_
extend into very slender canals, at first almost in the same plane, by
which they are brought into mutual communication. As the canals expand
and elongate, they assume their characteristic relative positions as
external, superior, and posterior, the posterior end of the external
canal being extended beneath the posterior canal. The cochlear
dilatation curves as it elongates. An inner layer becomes distinct from
the common membrane and forms the _acoustic lamina_.
As in the development of the ear, so in the development of the eye, the
production of the nerve process from the cerebral center is the first
step; the infolding of the superficial blastema to meet the nerve is the
next. The so-called _cutaneous follicle_ becomes a circumscribed sac or
vesicle, in which the changes and the development next proceed,
converting the vesicle into an acoustic labyrinth or into an eyeball. In
each case neural elements of two vertebræ become modified to lodge and
to protect the sense organs, forming respectively the recess called
_otocrane_ and that called the _orbit_. The one is located between the
occipital and the parietal vertebræ, and the other between the frontal
and the nasal vertebræ. The part of the outer blastemal layer of the
head which sinks to meet the process from the mesencephalic dilatation,
rapidly changes its follicular into a vesicular state. The vesicle thus
formed elongates, bending around the cell mass in which the _crystalline
lens_ is formed, and the meeting of the two ends results in forming the
choroid fissure at the lower part of the eyeball.
The _mesencephalic process_, or optic nerve, expands at the posterior of
the circular sac, and, in the course of mutation into eyeball, lines its
posterior part with a layer which becomes the _retina_. The transparent
layer covering the forepart of that sac and the inclosed lens is formed
into the _cornea_. Other layers of the sac are formed into the
_choroid_, the _ciliary processes_, the _iris_, and the _pecten_.
Of the appendages of the eye the membrana nictitans is the first to
develop. Then develop the lower lid and, last, the upper lid.
After the development of the essential organs of sense, the skin is
developed. Modifications of the skin form the outer ear and the eyelids.
Then are formed the maxillary arch, the hyoidean arch, and the scapular
arch.
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