Most of the Danish gouges have a rectangular section at the middle of the blade, and the butt-end is usually truncated, and sometimes |180| shows marks of having been hammered, so that these implements were probably used without hafting and in conjunction with a mallet or hammer of wood or stag’s horn. Another and rarer form of gouge with a sharp elliptical section, tapers to the butt, and may have been used for paring away charred surfaces without the aid of a mallet. Some small examples of this class show, however, polished markings, as if from having been inserted in handles. Under the head of gouges I must comprise a few of those celt-like implements already mentioned, which, without being actually ground hollow, yet, by having one of their faces much flatter transversely than the other, present at the edge a gouge-like appearance, somewhat after the manner of the “round-nosed chisels” of engineers. One of these was discovered in a barrow on Willerby Wold,[627] Yorkshire, by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., though it was not associated with any burial. [Illustration: Fig. 115.—Eastbourne.] It is shown in Fig. 116, and is formed of a light green hone-stone, carefully ground and even polished, and presents a beautifully regular and sharp cutting edge. It would appear to have been intended for mounting as a hollow adze rather than as a gouge, and would when thus mounted have formed a useful tool for hollowing canoes, or for other similar purposes. In the Greenwell Collection is also another implement of the same character and material, but smaller, being 4 inches long and 2 3∕8 inches |181| broad. It was found at Ganthorpe, Yorkshire. The sides in this case are flat. The implement shown in Fig. 117 has, when the convex face is seen, much the same appearance as Fig. 68. The other face, however, is slightly hollowed towards the middle longitudinally, and is nearly flat transversely, so that the edge presents a gouge-like appearance. It was found at Huntow, near Bridlington, and is in my own collection. The material is greenstone, the surface of which is somewhat decomposed, and seems in places to have been scratched by the plough or the harrow. [Illustration: Fig. 116.—Willerby Wold. 1∕2] [Illustration: Fig. 117.—Bridlington. 1∕2] A considerable number of gouges of this bastard kind have been found in Ireland, and I have figured one from Lough Neagh.[628] A few of the Irish celts are actually hollowed at the edge, so as to become more truly gouge-like in character. Besides occurring in abundance in Scandinavia, gouges, properly so called, are also found in Northern Germany and Lithuania. They also occur in Russia,[629] Finland, and Western Siberia, and even in Japan and Cambodia. |182| One of flint, 5 inches long, from the neighbourhood of Beauvais (Oise), is in the Blackmore Museum. The same form has also been found in Portugal[630] and Algeria.[631]