Fig. 171 shows a trough of stone, found at Ty Mawr,[999] Holyhead, by the late Hon. W. O. Stanley, who kindly lent me the wood-cuts of Figs. 170 and 171. The cylindrical grinding-stone or muller was found within it, and has a central cavity on each face, to give the hand a better hold in grinding. A similar appliance was found at Pen-y-Bonc[1000] in the same island. A triturating trough from Cleveland[1001] has been figured. |253| They have been found in Cornwall[1002] and in Ireland.[1003] Others have been discovered in Brittany. Hand-mills of granite formed in much the same manner have been in use until lately in Brandenburg. The lower stones are described as from 2 feet to 4 feet long, and nearly as wide, with channels, after long use, as much as 6 inches deep; the mullers are either spherical or oval, and of such a size that they can be held in the hand.[1004] A large sandstone, with a small bowl-shaped concavity worked in it, was found near burnt bones, in a barrow at Elkstone,[1005] Staffordshire; and two others in barrows near Sheen.[1006] Another, with a cup-shaped concavity, 2 1∕2 inches in diameter, occurred in a barrow near Pickering;[1007] and in other barrows were found sandstone balls roughly chipped all over, from 4 inches to 1 inch in diameter, in one instance associated with a bronze dagger. A ball of sandstone, 2 1∕2 inches in diameter, was found with flint instruments accompanying a contracted skeleton in a barrow near Middleton.[1008] A round stone like a cannon-ball was also found in a barrow near Cromer,[1009] and three balls of stone, from 2 1∕4 inches to 1 3∕4 inches in diameter, were picked up in a camp at Weetwood,[1010] Northumberland. [Illustration: Fig. 171.—Ty Mawr.] Mealing-stones, both flat and hollowed, were found in Schliemann’s[1011] excavations at Troy. In grinding and pounding a considerable amount of grit must have been worn off the stones and been mixed with the meal. The usual worn condition of the teeth in the skulls from ancient barrows may be connected with this attrition. Mr. Charters-White,[1012] by examination of |254| some teeth from a long barrow at Heytesbury, Wilts, was able to show the presence of grains of sand of different kinds in the dental tartar. * * * * * There are two other forms of grinding apparatus still in use—the pestle and mortar, and the rotatory mill—both of which date back to an early period, and concerning which it will be well to say a few words in this place. The ordinary form of pestle—a frustum of a very elongated cone with the ends rounded, is so well known that it appears needless to engrave a specimen on the same scale as the other objects. In Fig. 172 is shown one of a more than usually club-shaped form, 11 inches long, found in Holyhead Island.[1013] [Illustration: Fig. 172.—Holyhead.] [Illustration: Fig. 173.—Pulborough.] * * * * *