The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 1 (of 2)Geikie, Archibald
History
The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 1 (of 2)
Geikie, Archibald
Volcanoes -- Great Britain
Nevertheless, this absence of arrangement sometimes gives place to
a stratification which becomes more distinct in proportion as the
material of the vent passes from coarse agglomerate into fine tuff. It
is possible that the existence and development of this structure depend
on the depth at which the materials accumulate in the funnel. We may
conceive, for instance, that in the lower parts of the chimney, the
stones and dust, tumultuously falling and rebounding from projections
of the rugged walls, will hardly be likely to show much trace of
arrangement, though even there, if the explosions continue to keep an
open though diminishing passage in the vent, alternations of coarser
and finer layers, marking varying phases of eruptivity, may be formed
in the gradually heightening pile of agglomerate. Rude indications of
some such alternations may sometimes be detected in what are otherwise
quite unstratified necks.
In the upper part of a volcanic funnel, however, close to and even
within the crater, the conditions are not so unfavourable to the
production of a stratified arrangement. As the pipe is filled up, and
the activity of eruption lessens, explosions may occur only from the
very middle of the orifice. The debris that falls back into the vent
will gather most thickly round the walls, whence it will slide down
to the central, still eruptive hole. It will thus assume a stratified
arrangement, the successive layers lying at the steepest angles of
repose, or from 30° to 35°, and dipping down in an inverted conical
disposition towards the centre. If the process should continue long
enough, the crater itself may be partially or completely filled up with
detritus (Fig. 25).
Of this gradual infilling of a volcanic chimney with stratified
agglomerate and tuff, examples belonging to different geological
periods will be cited in subsequent chapters. I may here especially
allude to one of the most recently observed and best marked
illustrations, which occurs on the west side of Stromö, in the Faroe
Islands (see Figs. 310, 311, 312). A neck has there been filled up
with coarse agglomerate, which is rudely stratified, the layers
dipping steeply into the centre, where the tumultuous assemblage of
large blocks no doubt points to the final choking up of the diminished
orifice of explosion. The walls of the neck are nearly vertical, and
consist of the bedded basaltic lavas through which the vent has been
opened. They terminate upward in a conical expansion, evidently the old
crater, which has subsequently been filled up by the inroads of several
lava-streams from adjacent vents. It is here manifest that the bedded
agglomerate belongs to the uppermost part of the volcanic funnel.
[Illustration: Fig. 25.--Neck filled with stratified tuff. A. ground
plan; B. transverse section.]
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