The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 2 (of 2)Geikie, Archibald
Science
The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 2 (of 2)
Geikie, Archibald
Volcanoes -- Great Britain
It is on the southern coast of the isle of Sanday that the higher
intercalations of sedimentary material among the basalts are most
instructively displayed. At the eastern end of this island, as already
stated, the lowest and coarsest conglomerate is visible on a skerry
immediately to the south of the headland Ceann an Eilein. It doubtless
underlies the Sanday cliffs, but is not there visible, for the
basalts descend below sea-level. These volcanic sheets have a slight
inclination westward; hence in that direction we gradually pass into
higher parts of the series. In the Creag nam Faoileann (Seamews' Crag)
and the gully that cuts its eastern end, likewise in the two singularly
picturesque stacks of Dùn Mòr and Dùn Beag (Big and Little Gull Rocks),
which here rise from the foreshore, two distinct platforms of detrital
material may be noticed among the basalts. Both of these can be well
seen on Dùn Mòr, about 100 feet high, which is represented in Fig.
271. The lower band, four or live feet thick, is here a rather coarse
conglomerate which lies upon a sheet of scoriaceous basalt that extends
up to the base of the Creag nam Faoileann. It is directly overlain by
another basalt, about 30 feet thick, which dips seawards and forms a
broad shelving platform, whereon the tides rise and fall. On this stack
a second coarse conglomerate, about 10 feet thick, forms a conspicuous
band about a third of the height from the bottom; it is composed mainly
of well-rounded blocks of various lavas up to 18 inches or more in
diameter, but it contains also pieces of Torridon Sandstone. It is
covered by about 60 feet of basalt, which towards the base is somewhat
regularly columnar, but passes upward into the wavy, starch-like,
prismatic structure.
If now we trace these two intercalated zones of conglomerate along
the shore, we find them both rapidly to change their characters and
to disappear. The lower, though formed of coarse detritus under the
Dùn Mòr, passes on the opposite cliff in a space of not more than 60
yards, into fine tuff and shale, about six feet thick, which become
carbonaceous at the top where they are overlain by the next basalt.
A hundred yards to the east, the band likewise consists of tuffs and
ashy shales, which underlie the basalts on the Dùn Beag, and again
show the usual coaly layers at the top. On the east side of the gully
in the coast, about 160 yards to the north-east of Dùn Mòr, the same
band is reduced to not more than three feet in thickness, consisting
chiefly of fine conglomerate, wherein well water-worn pebbles of
Torridon Sandstone and epidotic grit appear among the predominant
volcanic detritus. This conglomerate is surmounted by a few inches of
dark carbonaceous mudstone or shale. Rough slaggy basalts lie above and
below the band.
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